Room no. 308 , Sai Ram Plaza near mata gujri Bhavarkuwa Indore (M Room no. 308 , Sai Ram Plaza near mata gujri Bhavarkuwa Indore (M.P) 0731-4972543 Lect. Shruti Tripathi (Govt. Nursing College, Ujjain) Dr. Manu Gouraha (Vikram University, Ujjain) Prof. Dr. N. K. Gouraha (Ex VC , Pt. Ravi Shankar University, Raipur, Ex HOD Dept. Of Sociology Sagar University, M.P )

Culture

Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviours, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions. This latter term institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work, and health care.

define society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. The term society can also have a geographic meaning and refer to people who share a common culture in a particular location. For example, people living in arctic climates developed different cultures from those living in desert cultures. In time, a large variety of human cultures arose around the world.

The sociology of culture and, the related, cultural sociology concerns the systematic analysis of culture, usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a members of a society, as it is manifested in the society. For Georg Simmel, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field is analysed as the ways of thinking and describing, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life.

Early researchers The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology, as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, and with the growing discipline of anthropology where researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analysing a variety of cultures around the world.

Karl Marx contributor to conflict theory, Marx argued that culture served to justify inequality. The ruling class, or the bourgeoisie produce a culture that promotes their interests, while repressing the interests of the proletariat. His most famous line to this effect is that "Religion is the opium of the people". Marx believed that the "engine of history" was the struggle between groups of people with diverging economic interests and thus the economy determined the cultural superstructure of values and ideologies. For this reason, Marx is a considered a materialist as he believes that the economic (material) produces the cultural (ideal), which "stands Hegel on his head",[6] who argued the ideal produced the material.

Émile Durkheim Durkheim held the belief that culture has many relationships to society which include: Logical- Power over individuals belongs to certain cultural categories, and beliefs such as God. Functional- Certain rites and myths create and build up social order by having more people create strong beliefs. The greater the number of people who believe strongly in these myths more will the social order be strengthened. Historical- Culture had its origins in society, and from those experiences came evolution into things such as classification systems.

Max Weber Weber innovated the idea of a status group as a certain type of subculture. Status groups are based on things such as: race, ethnicity, religion, region, occupation, gender, sexual preference, etc. These groups live a certain lifestyle based on different values and norms. They are a culture within a culture, hence the label subculture. Weber also had the idea that people were motivated by their material and ideal interests, which include things such as preventing one from going to hell. Weber also explains that people use symbols to express their spirituality, and that symbols are used to express the spiritual side of real events, and that ideal interests are derived from symbols.

Georg Simmel For Simmel, culture refers to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Simmel presented his analyses within a context of 'form' and 'content'. Sociological concept and analysis can be viewed.

The elements of culture 1. Symbols: Anything that carries particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture. 2. Language: A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. 3. Values: Culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, beauty and many other things that serves as broad guidelines for social living. 4. Beliefs: Specific statements that people hold to be true. 5. Norms: Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members. The two types of norms are mores and folkways. Mores are norms that are widely observed and have a great moral significance. Folkways are norms for routine, casual interaction

6. Behavioural patterns: The typical manner in which people perform production (e.g., manual, manufactured, automated in various degrees), communicate (e.g., language content, technology choices), mark significant events (e.g., rituals of endorsing values and of punctuating steps in personal life), satisfy basic needs (e.g., for dwelling, feeding, security, sex, reproduction, entertainment), and the like. 7. Artifacts: Distinct material objects, such as architecture, technologies, and artistic creations. 8. Social institutions: Patterns of organization and relationships regarding governance, production, socializing, education, knowledge creation, arts, and relating to other cultures.