Biology 106 Yntze van der Hoek

Course set up -Biology, 9th or 10th edition, Sylvia Mader Try on half.com, textbooks.com, valorebooks.com, ebay.com, bookbyte.com etc. -Syllabus Week 1 – Chapter 1 Week 2 – Chapter 2 Week 3 – Chapter 3 Week 4 – Chapter 4 & 5 Week 5 – Chapter 6,8 Week 6 – Chapter 7 Week 7 – Chapter 31 Week 8 – Chapter 32,33 Week 9 – Chapter 34 Week 10 – Chapter 36 Week 11 – Chapter 37,38 Week 12 – Chapter 39 Week 13 – Chapter 40 Week 14 – Chapter 41

Course set up Wed 21 September: Chapter 1, 2, 3 Wed 12 October: Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Wed 26 October: Chapter 31, 32, 33 Wed 23 November: Chapter 34, 36, 37, 38, 39 Final exam ?

A view of life Chapter 1 Defining life Classification & Evolution Biosphere organization The scientific method

Defining life What do we consider living things, what do these have in common? E.g. cells: the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.

Defining life -Different levels of organization: Atoms, Molecules, Cells….up to Communities, Ecosystems, and Biospheres

Requirements Energy Metabolism E.g. via photosynthesis Nutrients Homeostasis

Behavior …what is it? Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals Even leaves of plants follow sun

Reproduction Organisms: Live…Die In between: REPRODUCTION In (most) multicellular organisms: Union of sperm and egg Cell division, differentiation Development Coded by: genes DNA Chromosomes

Adaptations Modifications Survive climate Find food, mates .... ……. ?? Responses to environmental changes over time Similarity of organism at basic level and organization indicates: Descend from same ancestors

Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology organisms very similar at basic level Suggests living things descended from same ancestor Descent with modification - Evolution Caused by natural selection

Classification Taxonomy: Identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules Taxa: hierarchical levels based on evolutionary relationships

Scientific Names Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapiens Universal Latin-based First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. sapiens Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens) Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E. Coli

BACTERIA common ancestor (first cells) ARCHAEA Protists Photosynthetic protist Plants cell with nucleus EUKARYA Fungi Heterotrophic Protist Animals common ancestor Past Present Time

Domains:\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ The Eukaryote Kingdoms Protists KINGDOM: Plants Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular) Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells Photosynthesize food 1 m Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan r KINGDOM: Fungi KINGDOM: Animals Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells Absorb food1 Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells Ingest food Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom V ulpes, a red fox

Natural Selection

Organization of the Biosphere Individuals - ?? Species - ?? Population - Members of a species within an area Community - A local collection of interacting populations Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment Biosphere

The Scientific Method Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research. Begins with raising a question and observation Hypothesis A tentative explanation for what was observed Developed through inductive reasoning from specific to general

Scientific method Hypothesis leads to prediction that can be tested through further observations or experimentation The results are analyzed and interpreted: did it follow the prediction and ‘support’ the hypothesis? Conclusions Report in scientific journals Peers review the findings and the conclusions Other scientists can then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

Scientific theory Not the same as in general speech!! Widely supported by observations, experiments, data etc.

Next week Basic chemistry: Chapter 2 (and if you’ve not done so yet…read Chapter 1) Plus: We will make a start with Chapter 3