Exploring the Universe of Macromolecules!!!!

Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Proteins Lipids

Carbohydrates hydrogen --- H oxygen --- O Composed (made) of the elements carbon --- C hydrogen --- H oxygen --- O

Functions of carbohydrates Provides energy (key fuel of cells) Energy storage (starch and glycogen) Make up cell walls of plants (cellulose)

The Basic Building Block of Carbohydrates The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide. Contains ONE sugar molecule. Examples are glucose and fructose) glucose

Di means…..two SO a Disaccharide is two simple sugars like fructose or glucose hooked together Ahhh…what a sweet fact!

Disaccharide: sucrose sugar cane (60%) and sugar beets (40%)

Relative Sweetness of Sugars: Sucrose (100) Glucose (70) Fructose (170)

Poly means….MANY The largest carbohydrate molecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits. (Food ex:. potatoes, liver)

What are some polysaccharides?? Food storage in plants Starch

Cellulose Makes up the cell walls of plants and provides support for the plant.

Glycogen Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, similar to starch in plants. It is mainly found in the liver and muscles

Lipids

Water and oil refuse to get along! Lipids made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. (ie. fats, oils, waxes) Water and oil refuse to get along!

Types of lipids Triglycerides-- fats and oils --(made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids) Phospholipids)—cell membrane-- (made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group

Steroids—cholesterol and hormones (has no fatty acids) Wax (fatty acid and an alcohol group)

The Building Blocks of LIPIDS Glycerol - Fatty acids 

Saturated fats…come from animals [have single bonds] (more fattening) 20

Unsaturated fats…come from plants and have double and triple bonds

Functions of Lipids Store energy (highest calorie values per weight) Insulation Make up the cell membrane Chemical messengers (steroid hormomes like testosterone and estrogen) Barrier for water

Foods containing Lipids

Proteins

The structure of proteins A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Protein functions Make up cell structures Enzymes (speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell) Hormones (insulin-needed for cells to absorb glucose) Transport oxygen (hemoglobin)

The structure of proteins The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

The structure of proteins Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids that hold them together.

SO a protein is just like a pearl necklace… SO a protein is just like a pearl necklace…..a lot of amino acids hooked together to make a protein Peptide bonds AA AA AA AA

2 peptides is called a dipeptide 3-9 peptides is called a polypeptide Many amino acids with lots of folding is called a protein

Eggs Chicken Steak Fish

How many types of amino acids are there in living things? There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

What is the function of an enzyme? Enzymes (which are proteins) speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell.

Nucleic Acids

What are Nucleic Acids?? Nucleic acids contain the elements C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus

Function of nucleic acids Store hereditary information Store information needed to make proteins

Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES What are they made of ???? Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES Sugar

The two most important types of nucleic acids are: DNA or RNA….the molecules that have our inherited information

Review 1. What are the 4 types of macromolecules? 2. Meat would be an example of what type(s)? 3. Potatoes would be an example of what type?

Review continued 4. Cooking oil would be an example of what type? 5. RNA and DNA are examples of what type? 6. What are the main elements that compose these organic macromolecules?

7. Which contains mostly hydrogen (H) and carbon ( C ) with a little oxygen ( O )? 8. Which contains C , H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio? 9. Which also contains nitrogen (N)? 10. Which also contains phosphorus (P)?