Figure 1. Southern Italy's agriculture falling behind (I)—declining share of national output. Source: Own elaboration based on regional output estimates,

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Figure 1. Southern Italy's agriculture falling behind (I)—declining share of national output. Source: Own elaboration based on regional output estimates, at constant 1911 prices, by Federico (2003a, b). In order to assure intertemporal comparability, National output is computed excluding in 1938 and 1951 the Northern acquisitions after World War I, i.e., the regions of Venezia Tridentina/Trentino-Alto Adige and Venezia Giulia/Friuli-Venezia Giulia (the latter partially lost after World War II). The province of Udine, accounting for approximately 1.5% of national output in 1936–1938, was transferred from Venetia to FVG after World War II, and hence the share of the Northern regions in National output in 1951 is actually slightly underestimated. From: Von Thünen south of the Alps: access to markets and interwar Italian agriculture Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2014;18(2):107-143. doi:10.1093/ereh/heu001 Eur Rev Econ Hist | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Historical Economics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 2. Southern Italy's agriculture falling behind (II)—declining relative labor productivity (Italy = 1). Source: Own elaboration based on Federico (2003a, b) for output (GSP) and Vitali (1968) for labor force. National and Northern Labor Productivity are computed excluding in 1938 and 1951 the Northern acquisitions after World War I. From: Von Thünen south of the Alps: access to markets and interwar Italian agriculture Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2014;18(2):107-143. doi:10.1093/ereh/heu001 Eur Rev Econ Hist | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Historical Economics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Map 1. Agricultural output per hectare in 1929–1930 Map 1. Agricultural output per hectare in 1929–1930. Output measured as Gross Saleable Production valued at 1938 prices. From: Von Thünen south of the Alps: access to markets and interwar Italian agriculture Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2014;18(2):107-143. doi:10.1093/ereh/heu001 Eur Rev Econ Hist | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Historical Economics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Map 2. Agricultural capital per hectare in 1929–1930 Map 2. Agricultural capital per hectare in 1929–1930. Capital stock valued at 1938 prices. From: Von Thünen south of the Alps: access to markets and interwar Italian agriculture Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2014;18(2):107-143. doi:10.1093/ereh/heu001 Eur Rev Econ Hist | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Historical Economics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Map 3. Estimate of the agricultural total factor productivities of the 793 Italian agricultures around 1930. From: Von Thünen south of the Alps: access to markets and interwar Italian agriculture Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2014;18(2):107-143. doi:10.1093/ereh/heu001 Eur Rev Econ Hist | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Historical Economics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Map 4. Access to markets for agricultural products in 1931 Map 4. Access to markets for agricultural products in 1931. Access to non-agricultural employment defined as a spatially weighted average of individuals belonging to families whose family head was not employed in agriculture. From: Von Thünen south of the Alps: access to markets and interwar Italian agriculture Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2014;18(2):107-143. doi:10.1093/ereh/heu001 Eur Rev Econ Hist | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Historical Economics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.