Chapter 12 Respiratory System

Oxygen Delivery: A Cooperative Effort Respiratory & cardiovascular system work together Respiratory system: Cardiovascular system:

Overview of the respiratory system

Structure & Function of the Lungs Divided into several segments called: Left lung has: Right lung has: These segments are made up of smaller units called:

Structure & Function of the Lungs Consists of a system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs Bronchi: Bronchioles: Terminal bronchioles: Respiratory bronchioles: Lead to alveolar ducts and sacs which contain multiple alveoli

The Lower Respiratory Tract Larynx Trachea Left bronchus Right bronchus Bronchioles Clusters of alveoli Figure 10.3

Structure & Function of the Lungs Alveoli: Small air space bounded by a thin epithelial wall called: Alveoli are surrounded by pulmonary capillaries These conditions promote: Some cells is the septum produce a lipid material called: This material

Structure & Function of the Lungs Fig. 12-2 B

Respiration Two functions of respiration: Ventilation: Includes: Inspiration: Expiration: Gas Exchange: Gases diffuse between blood, tissues, and pulmonary alveoli due to: Alveolar air Blood (Pulmonary capillaries) ↑ P02 105 mmHg P02 20 mmHg ↓ PC02 35 mmHg PC02 60 mmHg

Respiratory Cycle Figure 10.9

Pleural Cavity Pleura: Pleural cavity: Intrapleural pressure: Normally less than the pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) This holds the lungs: Referred as “negative pressure” or subatmospheric because it is less than atmospheric pressure

Pneumothorax Loss of negative intrapleural pressure which leads to: Causes: Lung injury or pulmonary disease that allows: Stab wound or penetrating injury to chest wall that permits: Sometimes occurs without any apparent cause & is called: spontaneous pneumothorax Occurs in: tall, white, males

Pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax (A.K.A. sucking chest wound) Development of: With inspiration intrapleural pressure: Air flows: With expiration intrapleural pressure: Hole is plugged by tissue & air is: Pressure builds up in pleural cavity causing:

Pneumothorax Manifestations Chest pain Shortness of breath Reduced breath sounds on affected side Chest x-ray: lung collapse + air in pleural cavity

Pneumothorax Treatment: Chest tube inserted into pleural cavity; left in place until tear in lung heals Prevents: Usually has a one way valve only allowing air to leave during expiration Aids re-expansion of lung

Pneumothorax

Atelectasis Collapse of all or part of a lung Two types: Obstructive atelectasis Compression atelectasis

Atelectasis Obstructive atelectasis: Complete blockage of a bronchus by: Air is absorbed from the blocked section of lung leading to: If obstruction is relieved: Can sometimes develop as a postoperative complication Coughing and breathing are decreased Mucous accumulates To prevent this patients are encourage to breath deeply & cough

Atelectasis Compression atelectasis: Results when: This prevents:

Pneumonia Inflammation of the lung Exudate spreads through the lung and fills the: Affected portion of lung becomes relatively solid which is referred to as: Can be classified in three ways: Etiology Anatomic distribution of inflammation Predisposing factors

Pneumonia Etiology: Anatomic distribution of inflammation Most important because: Anatomic distribution of inflammation Predisposing factors

Pneumonia Symptoms: Treatment: Bacterial: Viral:

Pneumonia

Tuberculosis Special type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium: Acquired by: Primary infection is walled off with a central region of necrotic cells which is called:

Tuberculosis Infection usually stopped and granulomas heal with scarring Symptoms usually caused: Infection can be reactivated: Diagnosis Skin test (Mantoux) Chest x-ray Sputum culture Treatment: With antibiotics & chemotherapeutic agents

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis Rare types of tuberculosis Miliary tuberculosis: Develops if tuberculous infection erodes into a large blood vessel: Extra pulmonary tuberculosis: Infection develops in other location of the body such as:

Bronchitis & Bronchiectasis Acute bronchitis Inflammation of lining of: Commonly follows: Chronic bronchitis Results from: Caused by: Severe inflammation causing weakening & dilation of the bronchial wall is called: Leads to:

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Pulmonary disease caused primarily by chronic irritation due to smoking It is a combination of chronic bronchitis & emphysema Emphysema COPD is characterized by the following anatomic changes

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Effects: Individuals need to generate more pressure to breath out:

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease COPD Symptomatic treatment: Bronchodilators Mucolytics Cough suppressants Inhalers Avoidance of contact with people with URIs

Bronchial Asthma Treat with: Muscular spasms in the walls of: Increased secretions by the: Person may exibit: Cause: Usually: Can be: Treat with:

??QUESTIONS??