Classification of Living Things Scientists estimate that there are between 3 million and 100 million species of organisms on Earth. Taxonomists--biologists who specialize in identifying and classifying life on our planet--have named approximately 1.7 million species so far. Each year, about 13,000 new species are added to the list of known organisms. So, how do scientists classify (organize) all these millions of species?

2 Types of Cells 3 Domains and 4 Kingdoms EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES organisms with a nuclear membrane PROKARYOTES organisms with no nuclear membrane

Life's History and Diversity The Big Picture 7/4/2018 Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

Life's History and Diversity 7/4/2018 The History of Life on Earth Multicellular eukaryotes (with nuclear membrane) evolved about 1 billion years ago. For 2.6 billion years, life was unicellular. Life began on Earth 3.6 billion years ago as a prokaryotic cell (single-celled organism with no nuclear membrane). The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago. Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

Nucleolus Nuclear membrane List the similarities and differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

Life's History and Diversity 7/4/2018 Hot springs in Yellowstone Park–“Hot” Spots for Archaean Extremophiles Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park Searching for Archaea in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool Archaea in Yellowstone Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

Life's History and Diversity 7/4/2018 Bacteria – the Most Abundant Organisms Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus; yellow spheres) adhering to nasal cilia. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. E. Coli bacteria There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans. Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

Life's History and Diversity 7/4/2018 What Good Are Bacteria? Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production. Biol 1010, G. Podgorski

The Domain Eukarya is divided into 4 Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

PROTISTS • Protists are eukaryotes because they all have a nucleus. • Most have mitochondria. • Many have chloroplasts with which they carry on photosynthesis. • Many are unicellular and all groups (with one exception) contain some unicellular members. A better name for Protists would be "Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor Plants". Protists Visit Protist Park

FUNGI FUNGI Fungi sometimes look like plants, but they’re not! Fungi can’t do photosynthesis, because they don’t have chloroplasts; they get their nutrients from the organic material they live in.  Decomposers, like mushrooms, feed on dead organic material.  Some fungi feed on living organisms, such as plants, animals and even other fungi. This causes diseases and infections in these organisms (like athlete’s foot and ringworm in humans).  Some fungi live as symbiotic partners with algae. The result: lichen (pronounced “like-n”). more lichen Other differences from plants: • fungi don’t have roots, they have a mycelium. FUNGI • fungi’s cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose.

PLANTS No vascular system Vascular system Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Seedless Plants (reproduce by spores) Seed Plants (reproduce by seeds) Ferns, Horsetails, Club Mosses Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”) Angiosperms (flowers, seeds enclosed in fruit) Conifers Cycads Gingkoes Flowering Plants

ANIMALS Invertebrates (no backbone) Vertebrates (backbone)

Animal Classification

As you can see, we mammals (4000 species) are far outnumbered by the other vertebrates, or chordates (38,300). And vertebrates (42,300) are definitely outnumbered by invertebrates (989,700 species). The biggest categories of invertebrates: INSECTS!

Plant Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Activity Mnemonics at its best! You and a partner will develop your own acronym mnemonics that will help you in remembering the order of classification! You will have to come up with an interesting sentence using the first word of each division of classification, in order! Example: King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti!

Plant Kingdom Over 275,000 species All plants are included in one Kingdom (Plantae) which is then broken down into smaller and smaller divisions based on several characteristics How divided into kingdoms: Kind of cells in organism: prokaryote or eukaryote How organism obtains its food How organism reproduces and develops

Phylum Plants are divided in this category based on: whether or not the plant bears or produces seeds. Vascular or Non-Vascular plants

Class Angiospermae (angiosperms)- plants which produce flowers Plants are divided into two types of classes Angiospermae (angiosperms)- plants which produce flowers Gymnospermae (gymnosperms)- plants which don’t produce flowers Subclass Dicotyledonae (dicotyledons/dicots)– plants with two seed leaves Monocotyledonae (monocotyledons/monocot)- plants with one seed leaf

Order A group of related plant families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor. Vegetative Structures Reproductive Structures Names of orders end in ales

Family Each order is divided into families These are plants with many botanical features in common. Vegetative and Reproductive Structures used. Related plants with similar flower parts are grouped together. The Rose Family, Rosaceae, consists of plums, apples, strawberries because they all have similar flower structures. The names of families end in –aceae

Genus This is the part of the plant name that is most familiar, the normal name that you give a plant- Papaver (Poppy). This is the plants group name All plants having the same generic name are said to belong to the same Genus and have similar characteristics and are closely related. The name of the Genus should be written with a capital letter.

Species Together the Genus and species name refer to only one plant, and they are used to identify that particular plant. The species name is an adjective that describes the genus. Alba means white: Quercus alba= white oak Rubrum means red: Acer rubrum= red maple The name of the species should be written after the Genus name, in small letters, with no capital letter.

Examples of species and Genus Acer rubrum= Red maple Acer saccharum= Sugar maple Acer palmatum= Japanese maple Quercus palustris= Pin oak Quercus virginiana= Live oak Specific names give geographical information: Pinus virginia- Virginia Pine Taxes canadensis= Canadian Yew Tsuga caroliniana= Carolina Hemlock

Example of Classification Common Name: Corn Plant Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superphyla Spermatophyta – Seed plants Phylum Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons Subclass Commelinidae Order Cyperales Family Poaceae – Grass family Genus Zea L. – corn Species Zea mays L. – corn