Zimbabwe Did the Rhodesian Bush War end well? 1 June 1979 Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa becomes prime minister for the United African National Congress (UANC) and Josiah Zion Gumede becomes president of the Republic of Zimbabwe/Rhodesia. The new state fails to achieve international recognition. The civil war continues. Republic reverts to a British colony on 11 December 1979. December 1979 Four years of negotiations at Lancaster House, London, have resulted in an agreement for a new constitution in Rhodesia leading to majority rule for the country's black population. As a ceasefire is brought into effect, Britain resumes its role as colonial master. 12 December 1979 Arthur C. John Soames now represents the Queen as Governor of the colony of Rhodesia, replacing Josiah Zion Gumede as Head of State. 21 December 1979 Lancaster House Agreement is signed between representatives of the British government, Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe for the Patriotic Front (the amalgamation of Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)), and representatives of the Zimbabwe / Rhodesia government headed by Ian Smith and Bishop Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa. February 1980 Mugabe becomes prime minister following a violent election campaign supposedly supervised by Britain. 1 April 1980 The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), the forerunner of today's Southern African Development Community (SADC), created by the adoption by nine southern African countries (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) of the Lusaka Declaration on the Commonwealth on Racism and Racial Prejudice. 18 April 1980 Rhodesia now independent as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Canaan Sodindo Banana, a Methodist theologian, is president, Robert Gabriel Mugabe continues as prime minister for Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Zimbabwe African People's Union's (ZAPU) Joshua Nkomo is given a post in Mugabe's cabinet -- as Minister for Home Affairs he has responsibility for the police and internal security. 18 April is the internationally recognized date for independence. Did the Rhodesian Bush War end well? Who would recognise Zimbabwe’s independence? Why was this area in Southern Africa only recognised as formally independent in 1980?

Check highlighted article Presentations Background to Rhodesia Causes of the War Events and tactics of the war End of the war Check highlighted article

What exceptional difficulties were there in Southern Rhodesia? Definition of exceptional List as many as you can in pairs

What does this tell you about South African independence? Why was South Africa a problem to Britain? C aim – to explain how South Africa decolonised, why it was a problem for Britain and its relationship with Britain B aim – to explain how South Africa decolonised and why this country and its relationship with Britain was such a problem A/A* aim – to explain why South Africa was a problem for Britain using information about its decolonisation and international relations This is a commemorative pendant for the Union of South Africa made in 1910. What does this tell you about South African independence? Why is it called a Union and not a Republic?

How did South Africa decolonise? Why do we call South Africa an example of incomplete decolonisation Are there any other countries with incomplete decolonisations? The Union of South Africa came into being in 1910 when the four previously separate British colonies of the Cape Colony, Natal colony, Transvaal Colony and the Orange River Colony were unified. The British monarch was the head of the government but South Africa had its own parliament. The representative of the British monarch in South Africa was the governor general. 1931 Statue of Westminster led to a greater level of independence from the UK 1961 referendum where white voters voted in favour of the country becoming a republic. The Queen was no longer the Queen of South Africa and the last governor-general became the state president.

How did Apartheid begin? Natives Land Act of 1913 restricted how much land black Africans could own – only 7% 1948 – National Party elected to power – they had English speaking ‘whites’ and Afrikaners as their supporters. They strengthened racial segregation and classified people into three races with rights and limitations for each. This became known as the apartheid. The white minority enjoyed the highest standard in living in Africa, whilst the black majority were disadvantaged in every area. Despite opposition within and outside the country the government continued apartheid after it became a republic in 1961 and it harshly oppressed resistance movements – anti-apartheid activists in return went on strike, marches, protests and bombed. The African National Congress became a major resistance movement.

What was Britain’s relationship like with South Africa? Relations with South Africa began to get worse with the messages in the Winds of Change speech. However, Britain persistently voted against sanctions and was reluctant to severe ties as South Africa was an important geographical, economic and political partner 1985 – Thatcher finally agreed to impose limited sanctions and set up a contact group to promote a dialogue with Pretoria. She made sure calls for a total embargo were embandoned and removed restrictions adopted by the Commonwealth to preserve the Commonwealth. The ANC leaders were upset with this. Arrange the factors into ones that made Britain’s relationship with South Africa stronger and ones which made Britain’s relationship with South Africa weaker What impact would this relationship have had?

First UN Meeting in 1946 South Africa’s Apartheid was on the programme 1952 UN set up a task team to monitor South Africa In 1915 South Africa occupied South West Africa and gained more power over it. In 1960 Liberia and Ethiopia asked the International Court of Justice to declare this illegitimate for spreading racial rule, the court decided that Liberia and Ethiopia had no right to get involved. In 1988 the UN made South Africa sign an agreement giving up South West Africa after South Africa found 35 South West Africans guilty of terrorism. Britain were anxious to maintain trade links Thatcher believed that the ANC were only a terrorist group – remember she had to stand strong against the IRA at this time. Eventually Thatcher came to accept the ANC and Mandela as its leader Britain believed in free trade and didn’t want to enforce sanctions against South Africa Britain was under pressure from the Commonwealth to isolate South Africa – the Commonwealth refused to readmit them when South Africa became a Republic . Some Commonwealth members enforced monetary sanctions and arms embargos. Britain resisted this, particularly as they needed South African gold. It was also important for its trading route. Britain participated in sports boycotts Britain was under pressure from the UN to isolate South Africa – especially after a massacre of black South Africans in 1960 in Sharpville when they were peacefully protesting outside a police station. Throughout the 1960s the UN asked countries to voluntarily boycott arms trading and then other trading with South Africa. The US and Britain continued trading arms. In 1977 the UN enforced an arms embargo on South Africa. Britain was under pressure from the OAU to isolate South Africa The British public were boycotting South African goods Britain needed South African minerals and oil Britain was worried about Communism strengthening in South Africa Thatcher eventually agreed to sanctions late 1980s when Cold War looked like it would end The EEC wanted Thatcher to issue sanctions on South Africa in the late 1980s Thatcher agreed to lift trade sanctions when the ANC said they would stop their armed struggle Relations with South Africa began to get worse with the messages in the Winds of Change speech. However, Britain persistently voted against sanctions and was reluctant to severe ties as South Africa was an important geographical, economic and political partner 1985 – Thatcher finally agreed to impose limited sanctions and set up a contact group to promote a dialogue with Pretoria. She made sure calls for a total embargo were embandoned and removed restrictions adopted by the Commonwealth to preserve the Commonwealth. The ANC leaders were upset with this.

What was Britain’s relationship like with South Africa? Some Western nations began a boycott in the 1960s of businesses in South Africa because of their racial policies and oppression of Civil Rights. A decree was signed in 1974 saying that power should transfer peacefully and there should be equality for all. It wasn’t until 1990 that the National Party lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other political organisations. This was the year that Nelson Mandela was released from jail after he had been imprisoned for 27 years. The government repealed apartheid legislation, met with Mandela in 1992 and 1993 to organise the transition of policies and government. In the first universal elections in 1994 the ANC won by an overwhelming majority.

These pictures were taken 4 days apart in 1990 These pictures were taken 4 days apart in 1990. What do you think the significance of this is?

Why was this troubled relationship with South Africa such a problem? How was it a troubled relationship? Who was it a problem for?

Homework – Due Monday http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p005dgfw/Witness_Lancaster_House_Agreement/ - listen to this and write down bullet points about what this person thought of the Lancaster House Agreement South Africa reading – highlight key points and answer ‘What was South Africa’s international relations like during WWI?’ or make a timeline. How orderly was decolonisation? – Research and be ready to explain an example of orderly (peaceful) decolonisation and an example of disorderly (violent) decolonisation. We have covered lots! Forewarning – you will have a full mock on Thursday 10th of April – you need to start revising for this. You will answer 1 question out of a choice of 2 on Colonisation and 1 question out of a choice on 2 on Decolonisation.

Homework – Due Thursday Read the article and highlight key points Prepare a presentation to give to the class on the Rhodesian Bush War. It should include Background to Rhodesia Causes of the War Events and tactics of the war End of the war I expect a bullet points handout and you to be able to deliver your presentation using these as guidance. No powerpoints and no reading out copied and pasted internet sites.