IT1202- Fundamentals Of Programming (Using JAVA) Introduction to Programming Languages Version 1.0 UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Programming Languages First Generation of Computer Programs Sequence of machine instructions Loaded into memory through a set of switches UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Programming Languages……… Second Generation Computer Programs Introduction of assembly languages Enables the programmers to use mnemonic names for the machine instructions and symbolic names for memory locations. A translator called the assembler converts assembly language programs into machine code UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Programming Languages……… Third Generation Languages High level languages such as BASIC, Fortran, Pascal and C eliminate the close ties to the CPU’s machine instructions Provide standard data types such as integers, floating point numbers and characters etc., UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Third Generation Languages…….. Instructions are user friendly Compilers are available to translate these high- level language instructions to machine instructions. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Programming Languages……… The accepted programming style To organize related data items using programming constructors such as Pascal Records or C Structures Then treat the resulting block of data as a single unit. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

The accepted programming style….. After data structures are laid out, the application is written as a collection of procedures that manipulate these structures With ever-increasing: Hardware capabilities such as faster CPUs, Main Memory Space, Hard Disk space Better graphics Easier networking UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

The accepted programming style….. Users have come to expect software to have greater functionality Window-based graphical user interface Transparent access to data stored in mini or mainframe computers The ability to work in a network environment UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Programming Languages……… Faced with this complexity More programmers are starting to use Object Oriented Programming (OOP). OOP is a new way of organising code and data UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Object Oriented Programming……. OOP promises increased control over the complexity of the software development process. The underlying concepts of OOP are, Data Abstraction with Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Object Oriented Programming……. Encapsulation : This is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interferences and misuse. Inheritance : This is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. This supports the concept of hierarchical classification. Polymorphism : This is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Evolution of OOP Languages Object Oriented Programming was first discussed in the late 1960’s by those working with the SIMULA67 language. SIMULA67 was identified as the first ever OO programming language. SIMULA67 was developed as an extension of Algol60 (ALGOrithmetic oriented Language) UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Evolution………. SIMULA67 gave us the crucial Object oriented concepts of classes, dynamic objects, encapsulation and inheritance. Smalltalk is another OOP Language and environment released in 1980. C++ first version 1983 Eiffel in 1988 -not an extension of an existing procedural language syntax UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Java Java was developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in 1991. His Original Aim was to develop a low cost, Hardware Independent Language based on C++. Due to technical reasons that idea was dropped . A new programming Language called Oak was developed based on C++ . UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Java Contd.... The language oak was developed by removing undesirable features of C++. Those features include: Multiple Inheritance Automatic type conversions Use of pointers Memory Management. By 1994 the World Wide Web Emerged and Oak was Re-named as Java. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Java Contd.... The Java language was Successfully used to develop a web browser called WebRunner and Java/Hotjava project was commenced. In Early 1995, Hotjava,Java,Java Documentation and Source code was made available over the web as an alpha version. In December 1995, beta version2 of Java was released. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Introduction to Java Contd.... On January 23, 1996 Java 1.0 was officially released and made available to download over the net. Latest version of Java 2 SDK. And Documentation Can be downloaded at www.javasoft.com/ UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Features of Java Java is a programming language that is well suited to designing software that works in conjunction with the internet. It is an object-oriented programming language making use of a methodology that is becoming increasingly useful in the world of software design. It is a cross-platform language means its programs can be designed to run the same way on Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh and most versions of UNIX including Solaris. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Features………. Java extends beyond desktops to run on devices such as televisions and cellular phones. JavaStation, Sun’s network computer, runs the JavaOS operating system and is optimized for the language. Java is closer to programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic and Delphi than it is to a page-description language such as HTML or a simple scripting language as JavaScript. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Java and the Internet Netscape Navigator & Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers can download a Java program from a Web page & run it locally on the Web user’s system. These programs, which are called applets, appear in a Web page in a similar fashion to images. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Java and the Internet…….. Applets are written with the Java language, compiled into a form that can be run as a program, and placed on a Web server. Most servers can deliver Java files without any changes to their configuration. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Advanced features Some of the advanced features introduced with the current version include the following: Swing – New features for creating a graphical user interface, either in the style of a specific operating system or a new Java “look-and-feel” called Metal. Drag-and-drop – The capability to interactively transfer information across different applications and from one part of a program’s interface to another. Compile revision to Java’s audio features, bringing them more in line with the sound capabilities of other languages. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Versions of the Language Java 1.0 – Still the most widely supported by Web browsers. Java 1.1 – A spring 1997 release with improvements to the user interface, event handling and more consistency across the language. Java 2 – The new version, released for public beta–testing first in December 1997 as JDK 1.2 and finalized in December 1998 as “Java 2”. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Usefulness of Java program Java is Platform Independent The capability of the same program to run on different platforms & operating systems. Java is Object-Oriented It is a way of conceptualizing a computer program as a set of interacting objects. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Usefulness………. Java is smaller & simpler than comparable languages. Java is easy to learn Java is smaller & simpler than comparable languages. Java is small Make programs faster to download off of a page. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Usefulness……………. Java is secure Prevents hackers from writing programs that weak havoc on browser users’ systems. Java is portable Allows it to run on Windows, Macintosh & other platforms without modification UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.

Java’s past, present & future Java language is developed at Sun Microsystems in 1991 as part of the Green project. But, later a project member James Gosling wrote a new language to better handle the prototype, Star7 that developed by the group members. It named as Oak. A Web browser that could run Java applets was created in 1994. After JavaOne conference in May 1996, Sun spun off its Java development efforts & added hundreds of employees to continue expanding the language. UCSC 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced and sold.