Chapter 15: Foreign Policy

Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy Foreign policy includes the techniques and strategies used to achieve external goals, as well as the goals themselves. Diplomacy Economic Aid Technical Assistance Some of the techniques used in carrying out foreign policy include: diplomacy—the total process by which states carry on political relations, economic aid—assistance to other nations in the form of grants, loans, or credits to purchase goods, and technical assistance—sending experts with technical skills in agriculture, engineering, or business to aid other nations. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 2

National Security and Diplomacy National security: The protection of the independence and political and economic integrity of the United States. Defense Policy Diplomacy Defense policy includes the directing of the scale and size of the American armed forces and considers the types of armed forces we need, how many wars we need to be prepared to fight simultaneously, and the type of weaponry that will be required. Diplomacy is the total process by which states carry on political relations with each other. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 3

Morality Versus Reality in Foreign Policy Moral idealism Political realism American foreign policy—a mixture of both Moral Idealism This view of the world sees nations as normally willing to cooperate and agree on moral standards. Political Realism This principle supports a strong military and a willingness to make deals with dictators. American Foreign Policy—A Mixture of Both Every president has based his foreign policy on both of these principles, though some have tended to stress one or the other of the two. (Peace Corps photo) Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 4

Challenges in World Politics The Emergence of Terrorism Terrorism and Regional Strife Terrorist Attacks against Foreign Civilians September 11 (Department of Defense photo) Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 5

The War on Terrorism Military Responses A New Kind of War Bush has enunciated a new doctrine of “preemptive war” to deal with terrorism. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 6

The Terrorism Index Click Here to go to the Terrorism Index Click on the picture to take you to “The Terrorism Index.” (Scroll down slightly.) Question “Do you believe the United States is winning the war on terrorism?” 6% of Americans agree 84% disagree Left: AP Photo/Sergio Dionisio; Center: AP Photo/Paul White Upper right: AP Photo/David Guttenfelder Bottom right: AP Photo/Achmad Ibrahim Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 7

Wars in Iraq Saddam Hussein’s annexation of Kuwait in August 1990 The Persian Gulf—The First Gulf War The Persian Gulf—The Second Gulf War Occupied Iraq Uprisings: Spring 2004 Saddam Hussein’s annexation of Kuwait in August 1990 was the most clear-cut case of aggression against an independent nation since World War II. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 8

Global Attitudes Toward the U. S Global Attitudes Toward the U.S. Have Become Less Favorable in the Iraqi War Era Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 9

Click the icon to open the movie Iraq War Click the icon to open the movie Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 10

Questions By now, virtually every American has an opinion on the war in Iraq. Since the overthrow of Saddam, the war has been largely unsuccessful and frustrating. Go back to the lead-up to the war and think about your viewpoints. Think about the beginning of the war, the toppling of the old regime, and the resulting war against the different factions in Iraq. What have you, personally, learned from witnessing or participating in this experience and how will you apply what you have learned in the future? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 11

The Second Gulf War in Iraq What has been the greatest challenge facing the United States during this occupation? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning (All photos courtesy of U.S. Military) 12

Ethnic/Religious Groups in Iraq Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 13

America gained nuclear weapons in 1945 These powers remained the only ones with open nuclear weapons programs until 1998, when Pakistan and India tested nuclear weapons. America gained nuclear weapons in 1945 The Soviet Union in 1949 Britain in 1952 France in 1960 The U.S. and the Soviet Union still maintain sizable nuclear arsenals. Nuclear proliferation, however, is more worrisome. China in 1964 Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 14

Iran’s Nuclear Ambition Click the icon to open the movie Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 15

Questions Since 1979, Iran has arguably been the United State’s worst enemy. They fund attacks on Israel and in Iraq. They are now working on a program to develop nuclear weapons. Many critics of Iran see this as an attempt to dominate the region. Is a nuclear-armed Iran acceptable to you, and should it be seen as acceptable to the community of nations? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 16

Questions (cont.) Should the United States act to prevent Iran from going nuclear? Would you support or oppose American military action to keep Iran from developing nuclear weapons? If Iran is successful in getting nuclear weapons, what impact do you predict it will have on the Middle East? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 17

The New Power: China American policy has been to engage the Chinese in diplomatic and economic relationships in the hope of turning the nation in a more pro-Western direction. Chinese-American Trade Ties Chinese-American Tensions Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 18

Regional Conflicts CUBA Cubans in Miami celebrate upon hearing that Cuban leader Fidel Castro was ill and had ceded power to his brother. Cuban Americans’ bitterness toward Castro has influenced American policy toward Cuba. CUBA © Richard Patterson/Getty Images Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 19

Regional Conflicts Israel and the Palestinians The collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process The Israeli-Hezbollah (Lebanon) War AIDS in South Africa African Civil War Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 20

Who Makes Foreign Policy? Constitutional Powers of the President War Powers Treaties and Executive Agreements The president appoints ambassadors and decides whether to recognize other governments as legitimate. This is a picture of President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the “Gulf of Tonkin” resolution. To what extent can a president “run a war” without the consent of Congress? (LBJ Library photo by Cecil Stoughton) Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 21

Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership Accessing information from within the executive branch Influencing the budgetary constraints in all areas of appropriations Using the “bully pulpit” to build public support for programs Committing the nation to courses of action from which it would be very difficult to back down even if congress wished to Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 22

Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking The Department of State The National Security Council The Intelligence Community Covert actions Criticisms of the intelligence community The Department of Defense President Ford meets with the National Security Council in 1974. Do the department heads all support the president as if they formed part of a “team”? Why or why not? (Library of Congress) Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 23

When the media refers to “The Pentagon,” what do they mean? The Pentagon is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and employs approximately 23,000 military and civilian personnel. (DoD photo by Johnny Bivera, USN) When the media refers to “The Pentagon,” what do they mean? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 24

Congress Balances the President The War Powers Resolution (1973) Presidents since, however, have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them. Congress can sometimes take the lead, for example by voting sanctions on South Africa to oppose that nation’s former policy of racial discrimination known as apartheid. After the War in Vietnam (1964-1975), Congress sought to restrain the president’s ability to unilaterally commit forces to combat with the War Powers Resolution (1973). Presidents since, however, have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them. Congress can sometimes take the lead, for example by voting sanctions on South Africa to oppose that nation’s former policy of racial discrimination known as apartheid. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 25

Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy Elite and Mass Opinion Both presidents and elites try to influence that subset of the public that has a strong interest in foreign policy, the attentive public. The Military-Industrial Complex The military-industrial complex is the term that describes the mutually beneficial relationship between the armed forces and defense contractors. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 26

The Major Foreign Policy Themes The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements The Monroe Doctrine The Spanish-American War and World War I The Era of Internationalism The Cold War Containment Policy A portrait of James Monroe. The Monroe Doctrine made the Western Hemisphere a concern of the United States. (Library of Congress) Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 27

Europe During the Cold War Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 28

Superpower Relations The Cuban Missile Crisis A Period of Détente The Reagan-Bush Years The Dissolution of the Soviet Union Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 29

Vietnam Early Period Armed Intervention 1964–1973 The photo of a South Vietnamese girl screaming after a napalm attack by “friendly” forces became one of the most famous photographs of the war and a major incitement to antiwar protest. The girl, Kim Phue, survived, despite enduring pain and long-term treatment for her injuries. She is pictured here with her sun, Huan, whose name means “prospects.” AP/Wide World Photos © Time Life Pictures/Getty Images Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 30

Lessons From Vietnam We did not have clear goals We did not understand the political aspects of the war We did not understand the nature of guerilla warfare We were impatient with the war and were unwilling to devote unending resources to winning it We did not have the public support Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 31

Europe After the Fall of the Soviet Union Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 32

Questions for Critical Thinking How strong militarily was the United Sates in the 1790s? Could the U.S. have been very active in world affairs? What was the major goal of U.S. policy then? Is it easy for the president and Congress to set a course for foreign policy? What kinds of measures can the U.S. use to combat terrorism? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 33

Questions for Critical Thinking Why will relations with China prove important in the years to come? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 34

Web Links USINFO—The United States Department of State The Economist Portals to the World From the Library of Congress usinfo.state.gov This site has the United States Information Agency’s daily briefings and news on a variety of international issues from the official U.S. government perspective. It includes links to several foreign language sources and a searchable database from archived material. www.economist.com The home page of The Economist, an international magazine that specializes in in-depth articles on important international and political issues and provides a foreign perspective on the news. www.loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html Portals to the World, a site managed by the Library of Congress, offers maps, in-depth information, and annotated Internet resources for selected countries of Europe, Africa, North and South America, and Asia. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 35