On HCD & distributive justice Turkka Keinonen 06.10.2017

“There are professions more harmful than industrial design, but only very few of them.”

Would being user centered justify our design Would being user centered justify our design? Would using a user centered method be good way to justify design? Would improving quality of use be good way to justify design? Would making users happy be good way to justify design? Would giving users important goods be good way to justify design? Would improving users’ abilities be good way to justify design? Would making users equal be good way to justify design?

Procedural justice Retributive justice Distributional justice

GET HAVE CAN LIKE

GET HAVE CAN LIKE utility Mill Bentham

“by the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness.” Pleasure and pain are “the sovereign masters” and it is “for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.” Bentham J (1824/1987). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. In Ryan A (ed.). John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham – Utilitarianism and Other Essays. London: Penguin Books. “Utility, the Greatest Happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure.” Mill J S (1871/1987). Utilitarianism. In Ryan A (ed.), John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham – Utilitarianism and Other Essays. London: Penguin Books.

UX is the approach to happiness within HCD “…to all possible affective experiences involved in human-product interaction.” Desmet P M A & Hekkert P (2007). Framework of product experience. International Journal of Design, 1(1), 57-66. “positive emotions and hedonic attributes influence directly on an individual’s psychological wellbeing, while the pragmatic attributes are just instrumental and thus secondary from the individual’s wellbeing point of view” Hassenzahl (2005) The thing and I: Understanding the relationship between user and product. In Blythe M A, Overbeeke K, Monk A F & Wright P C (eds.). Funology. New York, Kluwert. 31-42. “person's perceptions and responses resulting from the use and/or anticipated use of a product, system or service” … “includes all the users' emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psychological responses, behaviours and accomplishments that occur before, during and after use.” ISO 9241-210 “helping is instrumental for the feeling of being popular. The feeling, however, is the true goal, whose validity cannot be questioned further.” Hassenzahl (2008). User experience (user experience): towards an experiential perspective on product quality. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the Association Francophone d’Interaction Homme-Machine. New York: ACM, 11–15.

Would DUX justify design?

How do you design for me? And me? “it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied” Mill 187

Do you want to design for me? “superduper neuropsychologists could stimulate your brain so that you would think and feel you were writing a great novel, or making a friend, or reading an interesting book. All the time you would be floating in a tank, with electrodes attached to your brain.” Nozick R (1974). Anarchy, state and utopia. Basic Books.

Who do you design for? “the community is a fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its members. The interest of the community then is, what is it? — the sum of the interests of the several members who compose it” Bentham 1824

utility monster Nozick 1974

happy poor adaptive preference

Is this fair? Marginal utility

Experience is all you need unless you need ethical priorities Experience is all you need unless you need ethical priorities. Keinonen 2017

GET HAVE CAN LIKE fairness Rawls

(would this be a principle for fair design?) original position veil of ignorance (would this be a principle for fair design?)

John Rawls’ justice as fairness 1. Primary goods should be distributed equally 2. Economical and social inequalities are sometimes necessary but they are just only if they improve the wellbeing of the worst-off most = difference principle primary goods = civil rights and liberties, freedom of movement and choice of occupation, income and wealth and bases of self-respect Rawls J (1971). A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Can design project be an original position? What does difference principle mean for design?

Accessibility = “usability of a product, service, environment or facility by people with the widest range of capabilities.” ISO 9241-210

GET HAVE CAN LIKE entitlement Nozick

Goods and needs are not to be seen as separate entities without historical perspective Goods do not come out of the blue but belong to someone who has made them or legally acquired Distributive justice deals only about just acquisition and transfer of goods Redistribution on the basis of needs or corresponding have no ethical foundation

“from each according to what he chooses to do, to each according to what he makes for himself and what others choose to do for him and choose to give him of what they’ve been given previously and haven’t yet expended or transferred.” Nozick 1974 p. 160 entitlement

What would entitlement mean for just design?

DIY?

GET HAVE CAN LIKE capability Sen Nussbaum

individuals’ capabilities to do and be what they reasonably consider valuable should be the currency of justice

NON-COMMENSURABILITY MUST HAVE CAN DO CONVERSION FACTORS ADAPTIVE PREFERENCE NON-COMMENSURABILITY FREEDOM OF CHOICE LIKE

What does citizens’ agency mean for design? What does citizens’ freedom of choice mean for design?

Which are essential capabilities? Sen: up to you to define in your community Nussbaum: life; bodily health; bodily integrity; senses, imagination and thought; emotions; practical reason; affiliation; other species; and control over ones environment Not just minimal satisfaction but ample amounts for flourishing life

What does flourishing mean for design?

individuals’ capabilities to do and be what they reasonably consider valuable should be the currency of justice “extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.” ISO 9241-210

DIY ? DfA ? Usability ? UX ? GET HAVE CAN LIKE entitlement fairness CA Nozick fairness Rawls CA Sen Nussbaum utility Mill Bentham DIY ? DfA ? Usability ? UX ?