Dr. Walter Hays Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction M7.2 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES VAN PROVINCE IN EASTERN TURKEY 1:41 PM (6:41 AM EDT), OCTOBER 23, 2011 More Supercourse lectures on Earthquakes - http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/collections/collection52.htm Dr. Walter Hays Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction

PRELIMINARY REPORTS: THE DEPTH OF THE EARTHQUAKE WAS 20 KM (12 MI), RELATIVELY SHALLOW, AND, THEREFORE, MORE DESTRUCTIVE

PRELIMINARY REPORTS: 25 COLLAPSED APARTMENT BUILDINGS, STUDENT DORMOTORIES, AND BUILDINGS WITH TRAPPED SURVIVORS MANY DEAD URGENT NEED FOR MEDICS

COLLAPSED BUILDINGS: TABALANI

DISASTERS FACED BY TURKEY FLOODS GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE EARTHQUAKES DEVELOP PARTNERSHIPS FOR ACTIONS HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION TSUNAMIS LANDSLIDES DROUGHTS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

EXAMPLE: The Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999

THE KOCALEI, TURKEY EARTHQUAKE M 7.4 3:02 am Over 1,300 aftershocks AUGUST 17, 1999

THE KOCALEI, TURKEY EARTHQUAKE Deaths: 18,000 Injured: 44,000 AUGUST 17, 1999

THE KOCALEI EARTHQUAKE SHOWED THAT TURKEY’S LARGE INVENTORY OF EXISTING SOFT-STOREY BUILDINGS IS VULNERABLE TO GROUND SHAKING.

INFORMATION SOURCES Reports prepared independently and jointly by Turkish, American, and British Institutions, including: EERI, ASCE, USGS, Imperial College, and others.

PLATE INTERACTION AND THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE OCCURRENCE PLATE INTERACTION AND THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE

TECTONICS Earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault are caused by the northwards movement of the Arabian plate towards the Eurasian plate, squeezing the small Turkish micro-plate westwards in the process..

NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT The North Anatolian fault is the most eminent tectonic feature of the region and one of the best known strike slip faults in the world. It is a 1,500-km- long, seismically active, right lateral strike-slip fault system extending from the Karliova triple junction in eastern Turkey to mainland Greece.

NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT

PHYSICAL EFFECTS SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE

PHYSICAL EFFECTS GROUND SHAKING Soft-storey building are especially vulnerable to ground shaking.

THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY

A HUGE BUILDING INVENTORY IS AT RISK TO GROUND SHAKING Hundreds of thousands of soft-storey buildings having the same height and construction materials exist throughout Turkey.

SOCIETAL IMPACTS BUILDINGS Loss of function because of damage and collapse from ground shaking can paralyze a community.

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE KOCALEI, TURKEY EARTHQUAKE 300,000 buildings damaged or collapsed 40,000 buildings housing business enterprise were damaged or collapsed

PHYSICAL EFFECTS GROUND FAILURE Many buildings and lifeline systems in Turkey are susceptible to landslides, liquefaction, and lateral spreads

SOCIETAL IMPACTS LIFELINES Loss of function because of damage from ground failure and/or ground shaking can paralyze a community

PHYSICAL EFFECTS FLOODING Loss of function as a result of flooding can paralyze a community

THE PROBLEM: BUILDING INVENTORY AT RISK TO GROUND SHAKING Hundreds of thousands of soft-storey buildings having the same height and construction materials exist throughout Turkey.

THE SOLUTION: DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Because of the large inventory of soft -storey buildings still at risk in Turkey, top priority was assigned to the development of vulnerability reduction techniques that could be applied quickly to strengthen existing structures.

DISASTER RESILIENCE FOR NEW BUILDINGS Scale models and the shake table can be used to simulate response of typical buildings in Turkey in order to improve the building codes used during reconstruction.

ISTANBUL IS AN URGENT FUTURE CONCERN The soft-storey buildings in Istanbul will be tested because the current seismicity is migrating over time towards Istanbul.