Introduction to Computers and the Internet Information Technology Department Bryar Hassan (BSc & MSc Eng.) bryar.hassan@kissr.edu.krd

Contents What is a Computer? Evolution of the Internet and WWW World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web 2.0 A Communication Model Networking The Internet Software Technologies Internet Technology – First Year

What is a Computer? Computer Device capable of Performing computations Making logical decisions Works billions of times faster than human beings Fastest supercomputers today Perform hundreds of billions of additions per second Internet Technology – First Year

What is a Computer? (Cont.) Programs Sets of instructions that process data Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by computer programmers Computer system Comprised of various hardware devices Keyboard Screen Disks Memory DVD drives Processing Units Internet Technology – First Year

Evolution of the Internet and WWW ARPANET Implemented in late 1960’s by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency of DOD) Networked computer systems of a dozen universities and institutions with 56KB communications lines Grandparent of today’s Internet Intended to allow computers to be shared Became clear that key benefit was allowing fast communication between researchers – electronic-mail (email) Internet Technology – First Year

Evolution of the Internet and WWW ARPANET’s Goal Allow multiple users to send and receive info at same time Network operated packet switching technique Digital data sent in small packages called packets Packets contained data, address info, error-control info and sequencing info Greatly reduced transmission costs of dedicated communications lines Network designed to be operated without centralized control If portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to route packets Internet Technology – First Year

Evolution of the Internet and WWW Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Name of protocols for communicating over ARPAnet Ensured that messages were properly routed and that they arrived intact Organizations implemented own networks Used both for intra-organization and communication Internet Technology – First Year

Evolution of the Internet and WWW Huge variety of networking hardware and software appeared ARPA achieved inter-communication between all platforms with development of the IP Internetworking Protocol Current architecture of Internet Combined set of protocols called TCP/IP The Internet Limited to universities and research institutions Military became big user Next, government decided to access Internet for commercial purposes Internet Technology – First Year

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) W3C Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee Homepage at www.w3.org Goals Internet universally accessible Standardization Internet Technology – First Year

Web 2.0 The term Web 2.0 was coined by Dale Dougherty Web 2.0 definition = companies use the web as a platform to create collaborative, community-based sites (e.g., social networking sites, blogs, wikis, etc.). Web 1.0 (1990s and early 2000s) focused on a small number of companies and advertisers producing content for users to access Web 2.0 involves the Web 1.0 is as a lecture, Web 2.0 is a conversation Websites like MySpace , Facebook , Flickr , YouTube, eBay and Wikipedia , users create the content, companies provide the platforms. Internet Technology – First Year

A Communication Model Internet Technology – First Year

The Key Elements of this Model Source: generates data to be transmitted Transmitter: converts data into transmittable signals Transmission System: carries data from source to destination Receiver: converts received signal into data Destination: takes incoming data Internet Technology – First Year

Networking Growth of number and power of computers is driving need for interconnection Rapid Integration of voice, data, image, and video technologies Networking Internet Technology – First Year

The Internet Internet evolved form ARPANET First operational packet switching network Applied to tactical radio and satellite nets also Led to standardized TCP/IP protocolsDevelop an understanding of various internet applications Describe the basics of how internet works? Internet protocol IP address assignment Explain the importance of websites and discuss ways to design a basic website using HTML for personal use; Explain the use of webservers and cloud computing Internet Technology – First Year

Internet Elements Internet Technology – First Year

Internet Architecture Internet Technology – First Year

Software Technologies Mark-up Languages HTML XML Dynamic Scripting Languages JSP PHP ASP.Net Other Scripting Languages JavaScript VB Script AJAX Internet Technology – First Year

Software Technologies Programming Languages Machine languages Assembly languages High-level languages, such as Java, C++, and C# Web Servers Apache IIS Databases MySQL MS SQL Server Oracle Internet Technology – First Year