Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

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Carboxylic acids and their derivatives www.assignmentpoint.com

Alcohols homologous series containing the OH hydroxyl group. all names end in ol eg methanol, ethanol etc. isomers are possible for alcohols containing 3 or more carbons. label position of OH group so that it has the lowest number possible. polyhydric alcohols contain more than one OH group eg propane- 1,2,3,triol OH groups attached to benzene rings are called phenols. www.assignmentpoint.com

Physical properties of alcohols Molecules are polar, in the O-H bond, O is - and H is + Molecules have attractive forces between the molecules called hydrogen bonds, not as strong as covalent bonds. Higher boiling point than corresponding alkanes. Hydrogen bonds form between alcohol and water molecules therefore they are miscible / soluble. Long chain alcohols are less soluble. www.assignmentpoint.com

Ethers General formula R-O-R’ O-R’ alkoxy group substituted for H eg CH3-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 methoxypropane Longer hydrocarbon chain is parent alkane for naming. www.assignmentpoint.com

Physical properties of ethers Molecules only slightly polar. No hydrogen on the oxygen atoms to form hydrogen bonds – only weak forces of attraction between molecules. Boiling points similar to corresponding alkane. Lower ethers, very volatile, highly flammable. Only slightly soluble in water, mix well with other non-polar solvents eg alkanes. (Like dissolves like). www.assignmentpoint.com

Carboxylic acid structure Formula -COOH Oxygen atoms not joined together. General formula when rest of structure is an alkyl group R-COOH. C O H Carboxyl group www.assignmentpoint.com

Naming carboxylic acids Alkanes CH4 methane CH3 -CH3 ethane CH3-CH2-CH3 propane. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2- CH3 2-methylbutane Carboxylic acids H-COOH methanoic acid CH3 -COOH ethanoic acid CH3-CH2-COOH propanoic acid CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH 3-methylbutanoic acid www.assignmentpoint.com

Naming more complex examples Two carboxylic acid groups -dioic Carboxyl group can be attached to a benzene ring eg benzenecarboxylic acid. COOH COOH ethanedioic acid benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid COOH COOH CH 2 benzenecarboxylic acid (benzoic acid) propanedioic acid www.assignmentpoint.com

Carboxylic acid derivatives If the -OH group is replaced carboxylic acid derivatives are formed. www.assignmentpoint.com

Naming practise. Name these structures Butanoic acid Octanoic acid Pentanedioic acid Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid www.assignmentpoint.com

This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching. www.assignmentpoint.com