Ecology SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.
copyright cmassengale SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale
Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale ALL ENERGY Begins with the SUN With Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Photosynthesis DO NOT COPY Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose ENERGY is stored in glucose Glucose is stored as starch in plants copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS. copyright cmassengale
Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose.It makes energy in the form of ATP. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. copyright cmassengale
Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS. copyright cmassengale
There are 4 general types of consumers: Herbivores eat only plants Carnivores eat only animals Omnivores eat plant and animals Decomposers break down decaying organisms
Zebras eat grass. They are herbivores. Cows are herbivores.
Herbivores Hippos are herbivores. Rhinos are herbivores.
Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth. Lions definitely eat meat! Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth.
Consumers that eat producers to get energy: Are primary consumers copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale
A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy: Is called a secondary consumer May be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a predator May be a scavenger copyright cmassengale
A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer: Is called a tertiary consumer May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger
Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers
The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN.
A lot of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer. **10% rule – only 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next level.
More Food Chains
Food Webs: Are interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
Food Chains Show Available Energy
Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID
Energy Pyramids Show Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers
copyright cmassengale https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4 Bozeman video on energy flow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZOvqYypOuo Everglade food chain copyright cmassengale
How Many Chains are in this web? copyright cmassengale
Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: Count the Food Chains! copyright cmassengale
We can show what goes on with the help of a Food Web
What would happen if a disease killed off many of the hawks?
There will be nothing to eat the snakes, so their numbers will increase.
All the frogs get eaten
No frogs. More crickets
Most of the cattail gets eaten by the crickets
Now the crickets don’t have enough food so their numbers go down
..and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the numbers of the other species in the web.
copyright cmassengale SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale
Symbiosis Not all relationships among organisms involve food. Many organisms live together and share resources in other ways. Any close relationship between species is called symbiosis.
3 Types of Symbiosis Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Parasitism + -
Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
Mutualism Examples: Cowbirds and Large Animals Termites and Trichonympha Bees and Flowers
Cowbirds and Large Animals The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from have the parasites removed from them. The birds can also warn them of danger.
Termites and Trichonympha You probably think termites eat wood; they do – in a way. Termites can’t digest cellulose, which is the main component of wood. Therefore, they get help from a protozoan called trichonympha. This protozoan lives in the gut of the termite. It breaks down the cellulose for the termite. The trichonympha gets a free meal and shelter; the termite is able to eat and receive nutrients from the wood.
Termite and Trichonympha
Termite and Trichonympha
Termite and Trichonympha
Termite and Trichonympha
Trichonympha
Trichonympha
Bees and Pollen Bees receive nectar from the flowers in order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate it by dusting the pollen on the flowers stamen.
Commensalism Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. A + 0 relationship
Commensalism Examples: Clown fish and sea anemones Shark and remora
Clown Fish and Sea Anemones The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the sea anemone gets nothing.
Shark and Remora The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets nothing.
Parasitism Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed. A + - relationship.
copyright cmassengale There are two types of parasites: Endoparasites live on the inside of the host. Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host. copyright cmassengale
Parasitism Examples: Tapeworm and Humans Cuckoo bird and warbler Ticks
Tapeworm and Humans
Tapeworms and Humans
Tapeworms and Humans
Tapeworms and Humans
Cuckoo and Warbler
Cuckoo birds and warblers
Cuckoo and Warbler
Cuckoo and Warbler
Ticks
Tick
Even Athletes foot is a parasite
Parasitism
Parasitism
Symbiosis
What is ecological succession?
copyright cmassengale SCI.9-12.B-6.3 - [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, changes occur gradually. There are two types: primary and secondary. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale The first organisms are always plants!! Autotrophs that make their own food Then small animals (bugs) come in. Then larger plants, then larger animals. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. copyright cmassengale
The first organisms to appear are lichens. copyright cmassengale
Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Secondary Succession All or part of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions that replace the ecosystem to its original condition are called secondary succession.(Think of this as a replacement community.) copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale http://biologiepagina.nl/Flashfiles/successie.swf Mount St. Helens http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/washington/videos/mount-st-helens-erupts http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5228f3e5e4b00447185d4ee0/t/53d69e6de4b0f8f55b4ed58b/1406574189574/Dick+Ford%2C+Weyerhaeuser.pdf copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale SCI.9-12.B-6.3 - [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale