Fig. 1. Immunostaining for AhR in non-neoplastic urothelium ( A ), superficial UC ( B ) and invasive UC ( C ). ( A ) Weak cytoplasmic staining in the.

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Fig. 1. Immunostaining for AhR in non-neoplastic urothelium ( A ), superficial UC ( B ) and invasive UC ( C ). ( A ) Weak cytoplasmic staining in the non-neoplastic urothelium. ( B ) Moderate cytoplasmic staining in superficial UC. ( C ) Strong nuclear staining in invasive UC. The arrowheads indicate lymphocytes. The horizontal lines represent the scale bar of 100 μm. From: Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway enhances cancer cell invasion by upregulating the MMP expression and is associated with poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial cancer Carcinogenesis. 2009;31(2):287-295. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp222 Carcinogenesis | © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Fig. 2. The Kaplan–Meier analysis of the progression-free survival of the patients after surgery for UC according to the AhR expression ( A ), pathological T stage ( B ) and LVI ( C ), and the three risk groups that are stratified according to the risk factors (pathological stage, LVI and AhR) ( D ). The Kaplan–Meier analysis of the disease-specific survival of the patients after surgery for UC according to the AhR expression ( E ), pathological T stage ( F ), LVI ( G ) and the three risk groups that are stratified according to risk factors (pathological stage, LVI and AhR) ( H ). From: Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway enhances cancer cell invasion by upregulating the MMP expression and is associated with poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial cancer Carcinogenesis. 2009;31(2):287-295. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp222 Carcinogenesis | © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Fig. 4. Two siRNA for AhR downregulated the mRNA expression of AhR, CYPs and MMPs in T24 cells and inhibited invasion in vitro . T24 cells transfected with siRNA for AhR showed significantly lower expression levels of AhR ( A ), CYP1A1 ( B ), CYP1B1 ( C ), MMP-1 ( D ), MMP-2 ( E ) and MMP-9 ( F ) in comparison with the cells with non-targeting siRNA. Bars indicate the mean ± SE. ( G ) The cells that invaded through the BD Matrigel™ Basement Membrane Matrix were stained with Diff-Quik. ( H ) The number of cells that invaded through the BD Matrigel™ Basement Membrane Matrix was significantly lower among the cells transfected with siRNA for AhR in comparison with those with non-targeting siRNA. Bars, mean ± SE ( n = 3); * P < 0.05. From: Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway enhances cancer cell invasion by upregulating the MMP expression and is associated with poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial cancer Carcinogenesis. 2009;31(2):287-295. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp222 Carcinogenesis | © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Fig. 3. TCDD upregulated mRNA expression of AhR, CYPs and MMPs and invasiveness of T24 cells compared with the cells treated with 0.1% DMSO. After different concentrations of TCDD treatment for 24 h, AhR expression was upregulated in a dose-dependent manner ( A ). Ten nanometers TCDD treatment upregulated the mRNA expression of CYP1A1 ( B ), CYP1B1 ( C ), MMP-1 ( D ) and MMP-9 ( F ), but not MMP-2 ( E ) in comparison with cells treated with 0.1% DMSO. The cells that invaded through the BD Matrigel™ Basement Membrane Matrix were stained with Diff-Quik ( G ). The number of cells that invaded through the BD Matrigel™ Basement Membrane Matrix was significantly higher among the cells with TCDD treatment in comparison with the cells treated with 0.1% DMSO. ( H ). Bars, mean ± SE ( n = 3); * P < 0.05; n.s., non-significant. From: Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway enhances cancer cell invasion by upregulating the MMP expression and is associated with poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial cancer Carcinogenesis. 2009;31(2):287-295. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp222 Carcinogenesis | © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org