Society, Patriarchy & Sexual Dimorphism Dr. Andy Mansfield

Three Orders of Society Those who: fought (nobility) prayed (clergy) worked (peasants) Oversimplification C15: Nobility most powerful Race & Blood

Town & Country 85-90% lived in the countryside (agriculture) Mental world was local Lords and Peasants: ‘vertical relationship’ Urban population: grew from C11 Town life C16 Poverty: many poor in town & country Malthusian Trap: arithmetic vs. geometric

The Stages of Life St. Ambrose’s Seven Stages: infancy – boyhood – adolescence – young manhood – mature manhood – older manhood – old age. Sexuality & Women Increasing importance of the Individual

Life and Death Marriage & Birth Patterns North vs. South: (nuclear & complex) Death Rates

The Household Masculine & Feminine codes Domesticity & Division of Labour Partnership Children: honour & obedience

Nichols, Duty of Inferiours ‘Now, the Husband being the Prince of the Family, and the Head of the Wife, his Will is the Rule of Obedience for Her and all that dwell in it. Therefore whatever he has seriously declared it is his Will she should do, by Vertue of his Superiority over Her, She is obliged to do it’. - pp. 92-93.

Patriarchy Aristotle: ‘Imperfect men’ (i) ‘monstrous’ & ‘deformity’ (ii) Procreation not companionship Twin Pillars of Patriarchy: Eve’s Sin Strengths & Weaknesses Patriarchy consolidated in society Aristotle (384 - 22 BCE)

Schochet on Patriarchy 3 Strands: Anthropological, Moral & Ideological Subordinated Society: home & community Church Ideology & the pulpit The Common People King’s Authority Order & Rank: control

Political Patriarchy Sir Robert Filmer (1588 - 1653) Adamite Kingship Exclusion Crisis (1678 – 81) Absolutism & Obedience Locke: no subordination Patriarcha (pub. 1680)

Four Humours Theory Hippocrates (460 – 375 BCE) Four Humours: Phlegm/ Black Bile/ Yellow Bile/ Blood Blood: ‘life-force’ (spirit) Four temperaments - Avicenna (980 – 1037)

The Soul Heat: immortal substance of life Menstruation & Semen Illness & Medicine Cosmological Issue

The One Sex Model

Gender & Sex Sexuality a C19 construct Male sexuality the baseline Views on sex – (Evil vs. Natural) The Reformation – Luther’s view of women Orgasm & transgression Sex and Gender

Anatomy Scientific Revolution (1500 - 1700): Discover God’s work Make a name Discoveries in anatomy & gynaecology Vesalius (1514 - 64)

Anatomical Discoveries “no similarity comes in between the vagina and the male penis, none between the uterus and the scrotum; neither in the structure, form and size of the testicles the same, nor in the distribution and insertion of the spermatic vessels” - Du Laurens (1602) in Stohlberg

Sexual Dimorphism Anatomical difference Balanced temperament Varandaeus: female superiority

The Status Quo Patriarchy ingrained Physical strength & Biblical authority Britain: social reforms & laws (1960s)