By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia The Industrial Revolution By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

Causes & Protoindustrialization What were the political, social and economic causes of the Industrial Revolution? (Make sure you look up through page 8 before you describe them) How did the Cottage Industry benefit peasants and younger people? What are the political, social and economic reasons why Britain industrializes first?

The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile Factory Workers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

1850 England: The Statistics Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth GNP rose between 1801 and 1850 350% Per capita income increased almost 100% between 1801 and 1851

Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

Continental Industrialization

Continental Industrialization Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all? Napoleonic wars hindered their growth They lacked the capital and/or natural resources Shortage of factory workers Governments did not help to foster a growing middle class

Continental Industrialization After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up to Britain They borrowed British technology, hired British engineers and gained British capital Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their revolution in the 1820’s Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business – stockholders corporations etc. France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build railroads all over France and Europe Germany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’s Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near the end of the 19th century Why?

Continental Industrialization Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a monopoly over technical advances Tariff policies were used to protect native industries on the continent France raised tariffs on many British exports Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which established a free trade One among member states but a large tariff was levied on foreign imports

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Social Implications New Social Order Golden Age of the Middle Class New class of factory owners called the bourgeoisie Upper bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government

Industrial Revolution The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Social Implications Certain ethnic and religious groups became successful Quakers and Scots in England Protestants and Jews dominated banking in Catholic France As factories grew larger, opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed industries Capital intensive industry made it harder for skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturers Formal education thus became more important as a means of social advancement (but the cost was often too much for the lower classes)

The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

The Silent Highwayman - 1858 Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

The New Industrial City

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

Child Labor Abandoned children became a main source of labor from local parishes and orphanages Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave owners Work hours were very long and conditions were appalling Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etc It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution matured Children and their parents worked 12 hour days

Child Labor Parliament sought to end child labor The Saddler Commission investigated working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories Factory Act of 1833 Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a day Limited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hours Prohibited hiring children under age 9; children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required to establish Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working together Employment of children declined rapidly Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 from working underground

Protests / Reformers

The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

The Luddite Triangle

The Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

Union Movement Certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat by business owners Combination Acts (1799) Parliament prohibited labor unions Reaction to fear of radicalism in the French Revolution Widely disregarded by workers Repealed in 1824 and unions became more tolerated after 1825

Union Movement Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Lanark factory became a model socialist/utopian city His unionization efforts failed and British labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions

The Chartists Sought political democracy Demanded universal male suffrage Key         Chartist settlements          Centres of Chartism       Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.

The Chartists A female Chartist A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845 Give manufactures more outlets for their products. Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition. Promote international peace through trade contact.

Social Effects of Industrialization Urbanization Largest population transfer in human history Birth of factory towns and industrial centers such as Manchester Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19th century’s great social and political dilemmas Family structure and gender roles within the family were altered Productive work was taken out of the home As factory wages increased for adult males, women and children were separated from the work place

Social Effects of Industrialization Gender-determined roles at home and domestic life changed slowly Married women came to be associated with domestic duties while men tended to be the sole wage earner Women were now expected to create a nurturing environment to which the family members returned after work Married women worked outside the home only when family needs, illness or death of a spouse required them to do so Single women and widows had much work available but that work commanded low wages and low skills and provided no way to protect themselves from exploitation

Effects in Ireland Irish workers increasingly came to Great Britain to become urban workers Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditions Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Ireland

Irish Potato Famine Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human tragedy like in Ireland Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not improve agriculture Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest ensued

Irish Potato Famine Result of the Great Famine At least 1.5 million people died or went unborn 1 million fled Ireland between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 1840 and 1855 Most went to the US or Britain By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million in 1845 British government response inadequate

The Politics of Industrialization State ownership of some industries. RRs  Belgium & most of Germany. Tariffs  British Corn Laws. National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes. Bank of England. Bank of France. Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets. New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein