ENZYMES.

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ENZYMES

ENZYMES Biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without becoming part of the reaction but themselves cannot initiate any chemical reaction Enzymes : First name is of substrate second, ending in “ASE” indicating type of reaction catalyzed Clarify the reaction , e.g. Malic Enzyme L- Malate + NAD  Pyruvate + NADH-H + CO2 Malate NAD oxidoreductase (Decarboxylating) IUB Classification and Numbering Six major classes and 4-13 subclasses Numbering 1.2.3.4.5.6

ENZYMES Nomenclature Oxidoreductases Enzymes acting on CH-OH group Alcohol NAD oxidoreductase [alcohol dehydrogenase] Alcohol + NAD= Aldehyde or Ketone + NADH.H Glucose+ ATP =Glucose-6 phosphate + ADP ATP.D.Hexose – 6 Phosphotransferase (Hexokinase)

CO-FACTORS OF ENZYMES ENZYMES CO FACTORS Catalase Peroxidase Cytochrome oxidase Iron Fe2+ or Fe3+ Copper : Cu+2 Carbonic anhydrase alcohol dehydrogenase Zinc : Zn2+ Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphatase Pyruvate kinase Magnesium Mg2+ Arginase Manganese Mn2+ Potassium K+ Urease Nickel N 2+ Glutathione Peroxidase Selenium : Se

COENZYMES Heat stable, low mol wt organic compounds non-covalently linked with enzymes can be separated. APO + CO = Holoenzyme If covalently Linked to apoenzymes = prosthetic group Act as intermediate or ultimate acceptor in group transfer D-G + A A-G + D Enzyme Co-Enzyme D A Co-En-G

COENZYMES CO ENZYMES FOR TRANSFER OF H+ COENZYMES FOR TRANSFER OF OTHER GROUPS NAD, NADP SUGAR PHOSPHATES FMN, FAD THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE TPP, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE LIPOIC ACID FOLATE AND COBAMIDE (VIT B12), BIOTIN COENZYME, Q

CO-ENZYMES REDUCTION OF NAD+ TO NADH.H+ Lactic acid + NAD Pyruvic acid + NADH-H+ Malic acid + NAD Oxalo acetic acid + NADH -H+ Glucose-6-phosphate + NADP 6-Phosphoglucon- olactone +NADPH-H+ REDUCTION OF FAD OR FMN TO FADH2 OR FMNH2 FMN is co enzyme for Cytochrome C oxidase, L.Amino acid dehydrogenase FAD is co-enzyme for xanthene oxidase acyl-CoA dehydrogenase LDH Malic dehydrogenase G-6-P.D

CO-ENZYMES Thiamine pyrophosphate: Co-enzyme for oxidative decarboxylation for ketoacids Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Pyruvate +TPP Acetalaldehyde -TPP complex+Co2 Alpha ketogluterate+6 CoA-SH Succinyl CoA + Co2 Ribose-5 Po4 + Xylulose-5-Po4 Sedoheptulose 7-Po4 + 3 phosphoglyceraldehyde CoA NAD NADH-H+ Pyruvate dehydrogenase Pyruvate decarboxylase -ketogluteratedehydrogenase NAD NADH-H+ Transketolase