AP U.S. HISTORY EXAM REVIEW The Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries/The Road to Independence (1750-1781)

Native Americans in Pre-Columbian North America What is the pre-Columbian era? Where did Native Americans come from? When did they migrate? How many Native Americans lived in North America at the time of Columbus’s arrival? What were some common beliefs of Native American culture? How did their environment determine the types of societies they developed? Why were the tribes slow to unify against European settlers? Native Americans in Pre-Columbian North America

Spain Colonizes the New World When did Christopher Columbus arrive in the New World? What was the Contact Period? What was the Columbian Exchange? Why was Spain able to dominate the New World? Define encomiendas. How did most Native Americans die? What paved the way for French and English colonization of North America? Spain Colonizes the New World

The English Arrive Who was Sir Walter Raleigh? What was the Lost Colony? What is the significance of Jamestown? Define joint-stock company. Which joint-stock company established Jamestown? What happened in Jamestown and what role did John Smith play? What was the starving time? What role did the Powhatan Confederacy play in the survival of Jamestown? What happened to the Powhatan? Who was John Rolfe? Explain the importance of tobacco. What is the Chesapeake and why did people migrate there? What was indentured servitude? What happened to nearly half of all indentured servants? How many Englishmen who migrated to the Chesapeake during the seventeenth century were indentured servants? What was the headright system and why was it necessary? How did the headright system hinder the development of democracy? What two significant events happened in 1619? The English Arrive

French Colonization of North America What was the first permanent French settlement in the New World? Why did the French come to North America? Why did the French have a much lighter impact on the native peoples than the Spanish or the English? Why did the Edict of Nantes reduce the chances of French influence over North America? French Colonization of North America

The Pilgrims and the Massachusetts Bay Company What was Puritanism? Who were the Separatists and how did they come to live in Massachusetts? What was the Mayflower Compact and why was it so important? Who was Squanto? What was “The Great Puritan Migration”? Who was John Winthrop? How did the idea of a covenant influence Puritan society? Why did Puritans not tolerate religious freedom? Explain the role of the “Protestant work ethic”. Who was Roger Williams? Who was Anne Hutchinson? Define antinomianism. Why did Puritan emigration nearly come to a halt between 1649 and 1660? How did the lives of settlers in New England and the Chesapeake differ? The Pilgrims and the Massachusetts Bay Company

Other Early Colonies What was the Pequot War? Define proprietorship. What was the Fundamental Orders? Who established Maryland and why? What was the Act of Toleration? How did the Dutch lose New York and how did it become a royal colony? Who established Pennsylvania and why was it one of the fastest growing colonies? How did Penn treat the Native Americans? Whose arrival truly marked the beginning of the slave era in the colonies? What is a royal colony? Other Early Colonies

Slavery in the Early Colonies Why was indentured servitude eventually replaced by slavery? Why were African slaves preferred over Native American slaves? How many slaves were brought to North America before the Revolution? What was the Middle Passage? Why did nearly one-fifth of Africans die on the Middle Passage? Why did slavery flourish in the South? Who owned slaves? Slavery in the Early Colonies

The Age of Salutary Neglect Define salutary (benign) neglect. Why did salutary neglect fuel revolutionary sentiments? The Age of Salutary Neglect

English Regulation of Colonial Trade Define mercantilism. What was the role of colonies with regard to mercantilism? What did the Navigation Acts do? How did many American merchants respond to the Navigation Acts? What were vice-admiralty courts and why did the British consider them necessary? Why did the colonists not aggressively protest against the Navigation Acts? English Regulation of Colonial Trade

How were colonial governors appointed and how were their powers kept in check? How were most colonial legislatures structured? What was the significance of the New England Confederation? Colonial Governments

Major Events and People of the Period Halfway Covenant Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanack Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon King Philip’s War Stono Uprising (Cato Rebellion) Salem Witch Trials Dominion of New England Major Events and People of the Period

Life in the Colonies Describe the population growth from 1700 to 1750. Where did most colonists live? How was labor divided in rural areas? Describe the role of women and children. What was life like for blacks? What was life like in the cities? Describe education in the colonies. List the four major regions of the thirteen colonies and describe the economy of each. Life in the Colonies

What was the Albany Plan of Union and who developed it? Why was the plan rejected? What was “Join or Die”? Albany Plan of Union

The Seven Years’ War When was the Seven Years’ War? What is another name for the war? Who fought in this war and what was the reason for it? What did the French do as English settlers moved into the Ohio Valley and why? What role did George Washington play in the outbreak of war? What were the results of this war? What was Pontiac’s Rebellion? What was the Proclamation of 1763? Why is 1763 often viewed as a turning point in British-colonial relations? The Seven Years’ War

The Sugar Act Who were George III and George Grenville? When was the Sugar Act passed and what did it call for? Why were colonists so unhappy with the Sugar Act? The Sugar Act

The Currency Act What did the Currency Act do? Why were colonists so unhappy with the Currency Act? The Currency Act

The Stamp Act When was the Stamp Act passed and what did it do? What were the implications of the Stamp Act? What was the significance of The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved? Define virtual representation. What was the colonists’ ultimate goal when they stated, “No taxation without representation”? How did the colonists oppose the Stamp Act? What eventually happened to the Stamp Act? Who was Lord Rockingham? What was the Declaratory Act? The Stamp Act

The Townshend Acts Who was William Pitt? What did the Townshend Acts call for? What were writs of assistance? What did the Massachusetts Assembly do in response to the Townshend Acts? What was the British response? What did the colonists do in opposition to the Townshend Acts? What eventually happened to the Townshend Acts? What was the result of 4,000 British troops being placed in Boston? What was the Boston Massacre? The Townshend Acts

The Calm, and then the Storm Describe the situation between the mother country and the colonies from 1770 to 1772. What were the Committees of Correspondence? Explain the significance of the East India Tea Company. What was the Boston Tea Party? What were the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? What was the Quebec Act? What happened at the First Continental Congress? What did the committees of observation do? The Calm, and then the Storm

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World Why did the English dispatch troops to Lexington and Concord and when did they do this? Who were the minutemen? What happened at the Battle of Lexington? What happened at Concord? Who were the Loyalists? Why did the pre-Revolutionary War era see an increase in the number of slave insurrections? Who tended to be a patriot? What did the Second Continental Congress do? What was the role of George Washington in the American Revolution? What was the Olive Branch Petition and what was King George III’s response? The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

The Declaration of Independence What was the significance of Common Sense? Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? What does the Declaration state? When was the Declaration signed? The Declaration of Independence

American Independence What problems did the Continental Army face? Explain the significance of the Franco-American Alliance. When and where did the British surrender? Why did the Americans win? What did the Treaty of Paris do? What issues did the American Revolution not resolve? American Independence