Unit 1- Exploration to Reconstruction Chapter 1- Creating a Nation Chapter 2- Growth and Conflict (Skip first page of notebook for unit cover page.)

Chapter 1- Creating a Nation

European Exploration 1492- Columbus landed in Bahamas Set off series of European Explorations San Salvidor

Motivations for Colonization Spanish- 3 G’s Gold, Glory, and God Settle in South U.S., Mexico, Central and South America English Economic: Escape poverty; gain wealth from cash crop farming Religious: Religious freedom & to escape religious persecution Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution

First English Colonies Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) Sir Walter Raleigh wanted to create 1st colony- economic motives 1585- Roanoke (1st English colony) failed due to hunger Men returned to England 1587- 2nd attempt Included women and children John White- governor 1590- The Lost Colony John White returns- no one there

First English Colonies Jamestown Virginia Company obtained charter- economic reasons 1607- small group of men land and establish first permanent English colony Hardships Lack of food Bad relations with Natives Disease (dirty water) Government HOUSE OF BURGESSES- first legislative (law making) body in Americas

First English Colonies Plymouth 1620- 100 men and women settled in pursuit of religious freedom. Hardships: Cold winters- poor shelter Lack of food Disease Help from Natives (Thanksgiving) Government Mayflower Compact Governor and elected council work for good of all

Life in the13 Colonies The Great Migration (1700-1775) Period of mass migration from England to N. America 3 major sections of colonies developed: New England Colonies- founded by Puritans Protestant beliefs promoted American idea of a strong work ethic. Middle Colonies- founded by William Penn Quakers- promoted religious toleration Southern Colonies- Lord Baltimore founded Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics

Slavery in the Colonies Atlantic Trade System (Triangle Trade route) Africa to Caribbean to 13 Colonies Middle Passage- on ship Harsh working conditions on plantations slave codes prevented escapes

The Middle Passage Experience

French and Indian War (1754-1763): Also known as the “7 Years War” in Europe; both France and England believed they “owned” the Ohio River Valley. French and Native Americans VERSUS England and the Colonists George Washington leads British troops against the French and gains valuable experience Results: -England wins! -France loses territory -King George III issues the Proclamation of 1763- forbids colonists to move past Proclamation line -King George III believes the colonists should help pay for the war and increases taxes on the colonists Document Questions: Document A- Why was George Washington sent to deliver a message from the British to the French? What were the French accused of? What were the French asked to do? Document B- Why was the Proclamation of 1763 issued? Photo Source: http://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/ah05_prewarpostwarbdysm.jpg

British Taxation Causes Colonial Resentment 1764- Sugar Act a tax on sugar and molasses 1765- Stamp Act a tax on all public documents (marriage licenses, stamps) 1765- Quartering Act required the colonists to house and feed (quarter) British troops 1767- Townshend Acts placed a tax on tea, glass, lead, paper and paints sold to the colonists 1773- Tea Act gave the British- East India Tea Company a monopoly on the American tea market. Now colonists would be forced to buy tea from Britain and pay a tea tax Document Questions: Document C: What is Ben Franklins’ opinion of the taxes imposed on the colonists by Britain? Why does Franklin believe England is imposing heavy taxes? What does Franklin warn that the colonists will do if the taxes on products from England are not lessened?

Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s) “Awakening” of religious feeling in colonies Challenged Puritanism relationship with God over Church Led to new denominations Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists Impact caused people to question the authority of the Church/other authorities Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield led fiery sermons

Enlightenment Influences Colonial America Movement in 1700s that led thinkers to question prior beliefs about society, government, religion, etc. Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke -Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, and Property) -Rebellion against a bad government Jean Jacques Rousseau -Govt created by the consent of the governed Baron de Montesquieu -Separation of powers – 3 branches of govt. -Checks and balances Impact Ideas supported colonists desire to politically break from England

Tension Builds in the Colonies Protests: colonists boycott British goods harass King’s tax collectors Important Events: Boston Massacre (1770) Five colonists killed Boston Tea Party (1773) Colonists dump tea into Boston Harbor, ruining product

Colonies Become United 1772 Committees of Correspondence begin to form linked colonies in communication Sept. 1774- 1st Continental Congress meets Declare loyalty to King; refuse to accept taxes- boycott April 1775- Battles of Lexington and Concord First battle of revolution – “shot heard ‘round the world” June 1775- Battle of Bunker Hill first major battle- American loss; high British casualties May 1775- 2nd Continental Congress Meets Form continental army- will be led by Washington Wrote Olive Branch Petition (July) Colonists ask king for a return to harmony Jan 1776- Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” published July 4, 1776- Declaration of Independence

The First Government Articles of Confederation (1781) Created a very weak central government Shays Rebellion (1787) Angry poor farmers began rebelling against the government over loss of farms Showed that a new government was needed

A Nation in Crisis Shay’s Rebellion (1787) Angry poor farmers began rebelling against the government over loss of farms Govt. had no way to control rebellion Showed need for restructuring to create a stronger federal government

Constitutional Convention (May 1787) Purpose: to make a new govt. Debate over Representation VA Plan- proportional representation NJ Plan- equal representation The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) Bicameral Congress House of Reps- reps based on population Senate- equal representation Debate over Slavery Do slaves count in representation? 3/5 Compromise One slave = 3/5 a person

Key Ideas of the Constitution Promoted federalism (strong federal government) divided power between Federal and State govts. Separation of Powers (checks and balances) Divided government into 3 branches Executive Branch President and Vice President Legislative Branch Congress House of Representatives – by population Senate- 2 per state Judicial Branch Supreme Court

Debate over Ratification (Acceptance) of Constitution Two groups disagree: Federalists- want constitution to be accepted advocate strong central government Anti-Federalists- do not want constitution to be accepted wanted weak central govt. and powerful state govts. Outcome: First ten amendments to the Constitution were added to protect basic rights (made Anti-Federalists happy) Constitution was ratified June 21, 1788 The Federalist Papers- -written to convince Americans that a strong federal (central) govt. was needed