Chapter 11 Section 2 The North Transformed

Northern Cities 1800’s: Cities grew larger  urbanization Immigrants headed west Growing cities had issues Dirty streets Poor sewage Unclean water Spread of diseases Fires (structures made of wood)

Growth of Northern Industry Samuel F.B. Morse: Made telegraph and Morse Code 1844: Tested telegraph (worked!)  wires spread across nation  factories in East could communicate with factories in West Cyprus McCormick: Made mechanical reaper (cut stalks of wheat much faster than workers) Threshers: separates grains from stalk to grind into flour Combine: A mechanical reaper and thresher in one machine

Growth of Northern Industry Elias Hower 1846: Made machine to sew fabrics  more efficient  prices fell Isaac Singer: Improved Hower’s machine  Singer Sewing Machines are top sewing machines to this day The North is made up of mostly factories and businesses

Transportation Revolution 1807: Robert Fulton makes steam engine to power a boat  good for rivers, but not oceans Clipper Ships: long, slender, tall masts  also called “Yankee Clippers”  fastest until British makes an oceangoing, ironclad steamship Railroads helped the most  could be built anywhere 1st Railroad: “Baltimore” and “Ohio” in 1828  drawn by horses  1830 Peter Cooper makes steam locomotive

New Wave of Immigrants Most immigrants from Western Europe  moved to buy cheap land, jobs, and/or had no choice “Great Hunger”: Ireland owned by British; largest crop is potatoes; fungus destroys potato crops  famine; many died and others immigrated; Irish worked at lowest level of factories German immigrants moved west (PA)

New Wave of Immigrants Some Americans did not like immigrants  nativists Irish were especially disliked because they were Roman Catholic, and not Protestant “Know-Nothings”: Political group made up of nativists 1856 Presidential candidate gets 21% of vote, but party splits because of feelings over slavery

African Americans in North Slavery mostly ended in North by early 1800’s African Americans were free, but were not treated equally Could not vote Could not work in factories Many business owners would hire immigrants rather than African Americans Racial segregation in schools, public facilities  African Americans made their own churches, newspapers

VOCABULARY URBANIZATION TELEGRAPH FAMINE The growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities TELEGRAPH Device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances FAMINE Widespread starvation

VOCABULARY NATIVIST DISCRIMINATION People who wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants DISCRIMINATION The denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people