Chapter 3 Neoplasms 1

Terminology Related to Neoplasms and Tumors New growth Tumor Swelling or neoplasm Leukemia Malignant disease of bone marrow Hematoma Bruise or contusion 2

Classification of Neoplasms Cancer General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm Classified according to: Appearance and growth pattern Type of body tissue from which they arise 3

Classification of Neoplasms 4

Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns Benign Confined to local area Do not spread Commonly called tumors Usually harmless 5

Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns Malignant Malignant means deadly Spreads to other areas by Invasion – spreading to surrounding tissue Metastasis – spread to distant areas 6

Classification of Neoplasms Tissue of Origin Benign Tissue + oma ex. lipoma Malignant Carcinoma – epithelial or skin tissue Sarcoma – connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat) Lymphoma – lymphatic & blood Other – brain 7

Benign and Malignant Neoplasm Growth Benign tumors Growth in particular area But not invasive or metastatic Encapsulated in capsule Easier to excise Limited growth potential Malignant tumors Excessive, without regulation Without structure or function of normal cells Surface area not encapsulated Fast growing, outpace normal cells 8

Hyperplasias and Neoplasms Similarities: Mean overgrowth of cells Causing increase in size of tissue Produce masses identified as hyperplasia or neoplasm Differences: Cause Extent of growth 9

Development of Malignant Neoplasm Genetic mutation due to: Radiation Viruses Carcinogens Cancer-causing agents Chemicals 10

Development of Malignant Neoplasm Carcinoma in situ Atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue Have not invaded surrounding tissue Invasion of precancerous cells Final stage of cancer development 11

Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread Lymph nodes filter cancer cells Absence of lymph node involvement favorable Making surgical cure possible Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream 12

Grading and Staging of Cancer Determines degree of abnormality Staging Considers degree of spread 13

Causes of Cancer For many cancers, cause is unknown Carcinogenesis progresses slowly May start, stop, or be reversed but usually is a continual progression Prevention and cure frequently depend on finding initiating agents 14

Causes of Cancer Chemical carcinogens Hormones Radiation Viruses Genetic predisposition 15

Causes of Cancer Personal risk behaviors Diet Sexual behavior Alcohol use 16

Cancer Prevention Preventive measures: Do not smoke Limit alcohol intake Protect skin from excessive sun exposure Refuse needless x-rays Avoid heavily polluted air Follow labels when using pesticides and chemicals Maintain healthy body weight Regular breast self-exams (women) Exercise regularly 17

Cancer Prevention Preventive measures (continued) Routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys Regular checkups by a physician Clinical breast examination for females Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for females Prostate examinations for males Rectal examinations for males and females 18

Frequency of Cancer A leading cause of death in United States Affects one in two males and one in three females Affects people of all ages Both male and female Most common: Basal and squamous cell skin cancer 19

Frequency of Cancer Most common (excluding skin cancer): Lung Colon/Rectum Breast Prostate 20

Diagnosis of Cancer Warning Signs Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness 21

Diagnosis of Cancer Prognosis best if treated early Routine screening is helpful May be found accidentally Once discovered, biopsy recommended 22

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer Pain Obstruction Hemorrhage Anemia Fracture Infection Cachexia 23

Treatment Options: Palliative Preventive Prevent pain and discomfort But does not seek to cure disease Preventive Prevent disease from starting 24

Cancer Treatment Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Hormone Therapy 25