Taxonomy The process of describing the ways in which organisms are grouped according to similarities and differences

Carolus Linnaeus Father of Taxonomy Described organisms with two word names, instead of polynomials Developed binomial nomenclature First word = genus name Second word = species name

Why binomial nomenclature? Much easier than a 10+ word name under old “polynomial system” Same name no matter where you go Less confusion

Origami Time =) Hotdog fold all eight of your squares

All organisms classified in a hierarchy Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific)

Why is taxonomy useful? Helps prevent confusion among scientists Helps to show how organisms are related Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies – evolutionary histories – of an organism or group (evolutionary classification)

Origami Time =) Take your hotdog folded papers in fold the top corners of each square (like making a house)

A note on cladograms Graph showing when different groups diverged from a common ancestral line The bottom of the cladogram is the “root” which represents the common ancestor Points where they diverge are often noted with a feature that was different between ancestral group and a “new” feature in the group that split off. Where the cladogram splits is known as a “node”

Cladogram 2 which lineages are more closely related to each other? 3 this cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship among vertebrates. What can you tell me about the relationships? 1 this diagram shows a single ancestral lineage splitting into two. The point of the splitting is called a “node” in the cladogram. 2 which lineages are more closely related to each other?

Origami Time =) Listen carefully as Ms. Campbell explains the perpendicular fold you are about to make

The 6 kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Protista Animal Plantae

Origami Time =) Now that you have your perpendicular shapes, place two of them in your hands facing the same direction with the opening pointing downwards Place the point of the paper in your right hand into the opening of the paper in your left hand Fold the points of the left hand shape into the right hand shape to lock in place Do this for all 8 shapes

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Archaebacteria Unicellular Live in extreme environments Cell walls without peptidoglycan Autotroph or Heterotroph Prokaryotic Eubacteria Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or multicellular Known for cilia and flagella Found in pond water Some have cell walls of cellulose Some have chloroplasts Many are microscopic Heterotroph or Autotroph

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Fungi Cell walls made of chitin Eukaryotic Most Multicellular/ some unicellular Heterotrophs Saprodes Sessile

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Plantae Eukaryotic Most Multicellular/some unicllular Cell walls made of cellulose Autotroph Sessile Animalia Multicellular No cell walls/no chloroplasts Heterotrophs Most motile/ some sessile

Show Me what you GOT!

Characteristics go here Kingdoms go here