Peoples Of Sub-Arctic Inuit, Beaver, Chipewyan, Northern Cree Lana Chan Period 2, Day 2

Shelter All houses were designed to set up and break down easily Shelter All houses were designed to set up and break down easily. Different kinds of methods and materials were used. Lean- To Pit Houses Wigwams Igloos Free-standing beams of whale bones that were layered against a log or large rocks. Covered in brush and hide, resulting a slanted roof and an opening for entering and exiting. Most of the Inuit used this as their shelter. They are 8 ft tall. Wooden frames and woven mats and sheets of birchbark were used. Can be shaped a rectangle or a cone. Ropes of wood are wrapped around the wigwam to hold the bark in place. Digs about a foot deep on the ground and lean alder branches around the opening of the hole to make a shelter. They build fire inside to have heat. Were used by the Inuit during winter. Dome-shaped and slightly excavated. Built with large blocks of ice and in a spiral pattern. Packed with snow to form the dome.

Location And Environment The Sub-Arctic people occupied a majority of Canada from Yukon to Newfoundland, including parts of seven provinces and two territories. Temperature/ Climate: It is bitterly cold in winter and chilly on summer. In winter, it can reach to -40C. And in summer, the temperature can reach to 30C. Cultural Region: There are rivers like the “Red River”. The east has long grasses that can cover the prairies. The west has short grasses, sage and cacti. There are forests and foothills along rocky mountains. There are large herds of buffalo, deer, antelope, bear and cougars. Jack rabbits, prairie dogs, small herbivores, grouse, geese, ducks, cranes, eagles are examples of small animals that lived in Sub Arctic.

Clothing Sub Arctic people tend to wear light clothing and whenever they stop, they would build a fire. Moccasins: It’s a soft leather shoe. Sole turned up on all sides and sewn to the upper in a simple seam. Traditionally referred to a shoe with a puckered u-shaped “vamp” over the instep. It gave them warmth and protected their feet from the cold wind during winters. Moccasins: It’s a soft leather shoe. Sole turned up on all sides and sewn to the upper in a simple seam. Traditionally referred to a shoe with a puckered u-shaped “vamp” over the instep. It gave them warmth and protected their feet from the cold wind during winters. Winter sleeping robes were made of rabbit skins that are cut into strips. They are twisted and woven together. In summer, they wore a short V-tailed summer slipover caribou skin. Was decorated with dyed porcupine quills, dent allium, and beads made from seeds. YUKON COSTUME

Food Men hunts and women cooks or serves the dishes men brings home. Food they had Caribou Hunting They eat fruits, caribous, fishes, sea foods and plants. They collected and ate edible wild plants like berries, tripe, dandelions, moss and marigold. Haunted moose, hare, caribou, musk oxen, bear and elk. Ice fishing was popular. In spring coastal waters was rich in fresh sea foods. Most of fishes in the northern part can be eaten. They often caught salmon whenever they hunt every spring. Pemmican is a mixture of berries, grease and animal meat. Pemmican is a high-energy food that can be preserved for years. Men made tools to help them with hunting. Bows, arrows, traps, snares, deadfalls, drift fence and pound for catching caribous. Snowshoes, toboggans, canoes and sleds for hunting implements. Tumpline was put around the forehead to help support heavy loads. Belt looms were used for weaving. They had some raw copper for making knives and arrowheads. They often used bones and antlers to hunt. Caught fishes using spears, grill nets, traps, hook and line. Women helped too, by snaring the hare. toboggans Salmon Tumpline

Survival Even though winters are long and rough, forests and snow gave them shelter to be warm. They used to snow to make igloos. When it was really hot during summer, they had wood to use to make their houses. They ate the animals they saw like caribou and moose. There were wild animals like bears wolves and coyote. They caught lots of fishes during spring. Spring had fresh waters on the rivers. Men made lots of new tools out of wood and the copper they found to hunt sea foods, fishes and wild animals. Used the skin of some animals, like rabbits or sheep, for their clothing to keep them warm during winter.