RELATIVE CLAUSES: 1) DEFINING 2) NON-DEFINING

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (DR) SHE LIKES PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS TELL THE TRUTH

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NDR) MY FRIEND ANDREW, WHO IS SCOTTISH, PLAYS THE BAGPIPES

DR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE

NDR CLAUSES MORE COMMON IN WRITTEN LANGUAGE

DR CLAUSES POSSIBLE PRONOUNS person thing Subject WHO / THAT THAT / WHICH Object ----- / THAT ----- / THAT RELATIVE PRONOUN: OBJECT Did you like the present (that) I gave you? RELATIVE PRONOUN: SUBJECT I met a man who works in marketing

NDR CLAUSES POSSIBLE PRONOUNS person thing Subject WHO WHICH Object WHO / WHOM WHICH RELATIVE PRONOUN CANNOT BE LEFT OUT

Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun The new terminal, ______ will be finished by May, has been designed by a famous architect Have you finished the book ______ I lent you? The Prime Minister, ______ the paparazzi follow everywhere, has a new girlfriend I don’t know the man ______ arrived just after you

PREPOSITIONS: DR AND NDR Prepositions come at the end in most cases I can always rely on my friend  She’s a friend I can always rely on I went to school with Mary  This is Mary, who I went to school with Prepositions come before the pronoun in a formal written style She is a friend on whom I can rely It is a fact with which you cannot argue

OTHER RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHICH WHOSE WHAT WHY WHEN WHERE

WHICH Can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the whole of the sentence before She arrived on time, which amazed everybody They had everything ready for us, which was nice

WHOSE Can be used in both DR and NDR clauses That’s the woman whose son ran over my dog My parents, whose only interest is gardening, never go away on holiday

WHAT Is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that Has she told you what’s worrying her? What you need is love

WHY Can be used in DR clauses to mean the reason why I don’t know why we are arguing

WHEN, WHERE Can be used in DR and NDR clauses Tell me when you expect to arrive We’ll go on Monday, when I’m free The hotel where we stayed was excellent He works in Oxford, where my sister lives

AND FINALLY...

REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES When a DR clause has a continuous or passive verb form, we can leave out who, that, which and the auxiliary Everyone (who is) living in the area complains about the noise The first novel (that was) written by Doris Lessing is The Grass Is Singing