Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Modified with Municipal Wastes for Green Pavement Construction Ammar Mahdi Al-Amry Supervisor: Engr. Muhammad Imran Khan Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering King Faisal University

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Problem statement 4 Objectives 5 Materials & Methods 6 Results & discussion 7 Conclusions 8 References

Expected Total population at 2030 Introduction Due to the rapid urbanization and increase in population, the production of municipal wastes is arising significantly in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Total population at 2004 Expected Total population at 2030 Total population at 2012 22.68 Millions 29.20 Millions 39.331 Millions Source: ministry of economy and planning

Introduction (cont'd…...) Most of the municipal wastes (such as glasses, low & high density polyethylene and crumb rubber etc.) are just disposed into open landfills which is very dangerous to human health as well as the living environment. this issue requires a serious attention to recycle it, and the most practical way of recycling these wastes are to use them in road and building constructions.

Background Sustainability is an approach to managing our earths resources and environment for the best interests of all those affected by what we do both now and in the future. Sustainable Development: that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Background (cont'd…...)

styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) Literature Review Different modifiers/additives are being used to improve the performance of bitumen at different conditions. These modifiers/ additives include polyethylene, rubbers, styrene butadiene styrene (SBS), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), etc. [2-6]. Crumb Rubber (CR) Polyethylene (HDPE) Sufficient required strength depend upon the cement contents e.g. lean concrete normal and high performance concrete , self compacted concrete. Further more the durability for example also when cement contents e.g the lower w/c ratio concrete are less sensitive to carbonation , external chemical attack and other causes the lack of durability of concrete. For fire rating Concrete provides excellent fire resistance ,but … mention dehydration process styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)

Literature Review (cont'd…...) Conventional Asphalt vs Modified Asphalt (Epps & Terrel, 1988 ) Low Temperature Rates High Temperature Rates Mix Temperature Better resistance to cracks Better resistance to rutting and shoving ,,,,, how to reduce the amount of cement so that we can reduce the energy consumption and green house effect as well as without significant loss in performance parameters of concrete ? Only possible when we replace the cement particle with other materials that have a Cementous behavior and those materials called as pozzolanic materials Better workability during construction

1.5 to 1.8 kg per person per day [9] Problem Statement 1.5 to 1.8 kg per person per day [9] KSA is facing a big challenge in terms of management of its solid wastes. According to recent estimates [8] : 2007 2015 12.1 million tons of municipal wastes are produced each year by the country More than 15 million tons of municipal wastes are produced each year by the country Why ? Show the reader that the use of the pozzolianic materials is useful in the concrete performance Due to the absence of recycling techniques in the Kingdom, major portion of these wastes are used to dump into open landfills [8-9]

Municipal Wastes in KSA Components of MSW in Saudi Arabia [8] Problem Statement (cont'd…...) Municipal Wastes in KSA Components of MSW in Saudi Arabia [8] Also, over 30 million waste tires were found in the KSA[10]

The only type of Bitumen available in the kingdom is Problem Statement (cont'd…...) The performance grade of Saudi Arabia regions (H. I. Al-Abdul et al , 1997 ) [11] The only type of Bitumen available in the kingdom is PG 64 - 10

Objectives To evaluate the viability of municipal waste for the improvement of asphalt properties. To find different alternatives to partially replace the bitumen in asphalt concrete pavements. To analyze and evaluate the performance of modified and un-modified binder subjected to local environmental conditions. To recycle the wastes in road construction for sustainable pavements construction Osei and Jackson conclude that the compressive strength of connecter that partially replaced with natural clay as cementations replacement of cement was reduce until the replacement reach 20 % but it increased with respect to the increment of percentage of replacement until a maximum strength was reached at 30% replacement. Moreover the strength reduced with more increase of % more than 30%

Materials & Methods (cont'd…...) Asphalt/Bitumen: Riyadh Refinery which have Performance Grade: PG 64 -10 Waste Modifiers: Crumb Rubber (CR), High density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low density polyethylene (LDPE) with 5, 10 and 15 % by weight of bitumen were used. Osei and Jackson conclude that the compressive strength of connecter that partially replaced with natural clay as cementations replacement of cement was reduce until the replacement reach 20 % but it increased with respect to the increment of percentage of replacement until a maximum strength was reached at 30% replacement. Moreover the strength reduced with more increase of % more than 30%

Materials & Methods

Results and discussion Viscosity: SHRP criteria: Max: 3 Pa.s

Results and discussion Rutting susceptibility of modified binders SHRP criteria: G*/Sinδ > 1 KPa

Results and discussion Performance Grades Binder Type PG Highest Grade Controlled Bitumen PG 64 5% LDP PG 70 10% LDP PG 76 15% LDP PG 82 5% HDP 10% HDP 15% HDP 5% CR 10% CR 15% CR

Results and discussion Creep Stiffness of Modified Binders Creep Stiffness, max 300 MPa, ASTM D6648 Stiffness of CR, HDP and LDP modified binders at -10 °C

Conclusions Improvement in viscosity for CR, HDP and LDP modified bitumen Viscosity of 15% CR-MB – Exceed SuperPave specification (3Pa-s) – Affect workability – more energy required SASOBIT (Warm mix additive) can be used to reduce viscosity.

Conclusions Visco-elastic properties are improved using CR, LDP and HDP modified bitumen Binder Type PG Highest Grade Controlled Bitumen PG 64 5% LDP PG 70 10% LDP PG 76 15% LDP PG 82 5% HDP 10% HDP 15% HDP 5% CR 10% CR 15% CR

Conclusions The base binder (PG 64-10) was found to be more susceptible to rutting at temperatures above 64 °C. The SHRP rutting parameter (G*/Sinδ) has been improved significantly in modified binders at higher temperatures. Binder modified with 15 % LDP and HDP exceeded the minimum SuperPave rutting criteria at the highest temperature (82 °C), and hence the Performance Grade raised to PG 82-10. Consequently, bitumen modified with 15 % LDP, HDP and CR can satisfactorily be used in road construction throughout the kingdom.

Conclusions An inverse relationship was observed between creep stiffness and the binder resistance against low temperature cracks. Increased dosage of modifiers results in decrease of stiffness value, and hence offered more resistance to low temperature cracks in asphalt pavements. Application of these municipal wastes in road construction would reduce environmental issues by avoiding dumping them into open spaces.

References ministry of economy and planning Ait-Kadi, A.; Brahimi, H.; Bousmina, M. Polymer blends for enhanced asphalt binders. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1996, 36, 1724–1733. Blanco, R.; Rodríguez, R.; García-Garduño, M.; Castaño, V.M. Rheological properties of styrene-butadiene copolymer-reinforced asphalt. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996, 61, 1493–1501. Hesp, S.A.; Woodhams, R.T. Asphalt–polyolefin emulsion breakdown. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1991, 269, 825–834 Newman, J.K. Dynamic shear rheological properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders. J. Elast. Plast.1998, 30, 245–263. Yousefi, A.A. Polyethylene dispersions in bitumen: The effects of the polymer structural parameters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 90, 3183–3190 Terrel, Ronald L. and Epps, Jon A., Asphalt Modifiers - A Users Manual for Additives and Modifiers in Asphalt Pavements, Draft Report, National Asphalt Pavement Association, Riverdale, Maryland, June 1988. Khan, M.S.M.; Zakariya, K. Biodegradable waste to biogas: Renewable energy option for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Innov. Appl. Stud. 2013, 4, 101–113.

References Kosseva, M.R. Chapter 3 Processing of FoodWastes. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 2009, 58, 57–136. Saudi Industrial Property Authority. Report on waste tires in KSA. 2013. Available online: http://www. modon.gov.sa/en/pages/default.aspx (accessed on 3 March 2016). Al-Abdul Wahhab, H.I., Asi, I.M., Al-Dubabe, I.A., and Ali, M.F. “Development of Performance-Based Bitumen Specifications for the Gulf Countries”, Construction and Building Materials Journal, 11(1), pp. 15-22, (1997).