Day 11 Review: Carbohydrates and Lipids Write the statements AND underline your answer. Carbohydrates are made of ________ & ___________. Lipids are made of _________ & _______. Lipids are tested using the __________. Sugars are tested using the ____________. Starches are tested using the ___________.

Quick Review A student performed a food test on her lunch. The Iodine test and Brown paper bag test came back positive. What organic molecules were in her lunch? Starches only Sugars and starches Starches and lipids Lipids and sugars

Proteins

Proteins Shape Matters!! C, H, O and N Biuret’s Test Amino Acids Function Build and repair body tissue Fight diseases (antibodies) Send messages (hormones) Control reactions (enzymes) Maintain homeostasis = regulate the body Proteins Important Shape Matters!! Atoms C, H, O and N Test Biuret’s Test Pictures Subunits Amino Acids

What is the Function? Build and repair body tissue Fight diseases (antibodies) Send messages (hormones) Control reactions (enzymes) Maintain homeostasis = regulate the body

What are the subunits? Amino Acids

What are the Atoms? C, H, O and N

What does it look like? Proteins look like a twisted up ball of yarn Each amino acid connect together with a peptide bond and coil up

What is the structure of a protein? Proteins have a 3-D shape

Why are they important? Shape Matters!! Each protein has a perfect match and unlocks a reaction based on its shape Like a lock-and-key

What does Denatured mean? Denatured is when the shape of the protein changes It can no longer do its job because it is no longer a perfect match

What does Enzyme mean? Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

What is the test? Biuret’s Solution

Protein Examples Enzymes: speed up reactions Hemoglobin: carries oxygen Insulin: controls blood sugar levels Antibodies: fights off invaders Hormones: send messages in the body

Nucleic Acids

C, H, O, N, and P (Phosphorus) Nucleic Acids Function Control genetic information Make proteins to make traits Important Found in the nucleus Examples: RNA and DNA Atoms C, H, O, N, and P (Phosphorus) Subunits Nucleotides (1 sugar, 1 phosphate and 1 nitrogen base) Test No test Found in ALL living things Pictures

What is the function? Control genetic information Make proteins to make traits

What are the atoms? C, H, O, N, and P (Phosphorus)

What are examples? ATP = Energy currency DNA = Genetic Information Storage RNA = Helps build proteins

What are the subunits? Nucleotides Made of: 1 sugar, 1 phosphate and 1 nitrogen base

What are the 5 Nitrogen Bases? A (Adenine), T (Thymine), G (Guanine), C (Cytosine), U (Uracil)

What is the structure of a Nucleic Acid? Double Helix  Sugar and Phosphate backbone Nitrogen bases make up the middle steps Looks like a twisted ladder or spiral staircase

What are the Monomers & Polymers? Monomer: Nucleotides Polymers: DNA, RNA, ATP

DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Double Helix (2 strands) Single Helix (1 strand) A, T, G, C A, U, G, C Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar Stores genetic information Delivers genetic message to make proteins

Nucleic Acids Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Function  control genetic information Monomer  nucleotides Polymers DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid RNA  ribonucleic acid

Online Lab Tests!

Benedict’s Solution DEMO What did we DO? What did we SEE? What does this TELL us?

Iodine Solution DEMO What did we DO? What did we SEE? What does this TELL us?

Biuret’s Reagent What did we DO? What did we SEE? What does this TELL us?

Brown Paper Bag Test What did we DO? What did we SEE? What does this TELL us?

Macromolecule Tests… Benedict’s Solution: A test for SUGAR. If test is positive, it will turn a color anywhere from green to red, telling you that there IS a sugar! Iodine Solution: A test for STARCH. If test is positive, it will turn a dark purple/black color, telling you that there IS a starch! Brown Paper Bag Test: A test for LIPIDS/FATS. If test is positive, it will leave a greasy residue on the brown paper, telling you there IS a lipid! Biuret’s Reagent: A test for PROTEINS. If test is positive, it turn pink or purple, telling you that there IS a protein!

You are your proteins! Proteins: Multipurpose molecules 2006-2007

Proteins Food, food, and more food.

Proteins insulin – hemoglobin – collagen (skin) Examples muscle fingernails, claws skin hair antibodies enzymes example: pepsin, catylase hormones example: insulin – hemoglobin – collagen (skin)

Proteins Sub Unit / Monomer = amino acids – 20 different amino acids Each one has a different R group.

Amino acid chains Each amino acid is different Proteins amino acids chained into a polymer Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it

3-D protein structure Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape It’s a helix or B sheet within a single region. Can have both in one protein but a specific region is one or another growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen

Its shape that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) Glossary Word! unfolded “denatured” folded

Nucleic acids: Information molecules 2006-2007

Nucleic Acids Names & Functions ATP DNA RNA energy currency Information Storage RNA Helps build proteins RNA

A T C G Genes (DNA) are needed to run bodies every day… to make you and me… to make new cells… to make babies!

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Nucleic acids Building block = nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide 5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! phosphate sugar N base

Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA phosphate sugar N base Nucleic acids nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA double helix A, C, G, T RNA single-sided A, C, G, U phosphate sugar N base strong bonds phosphate sugar N base deoxiribose sugar double-sided phosphate sugar N base RNA

ATP Tri- Mono- Di- Energy currency of cells Like (little bombs) Transfers energy within a cell Like (little bombs) Modified nucleotide Tri- Mono- Di- P O– O –O P O– O –O P O– O –O P O– O –O P O– O –O ADP AMP ATP