Confidence

Discuss with a partner… What confidence is…. Why confidence is important in sport…..

Self-efficacy The degree of self confidence experienced by a performer when placed in a specific situation. The perception or self belief in your own ability to cope with the demands of the situation

Create a sporting example: Cricket – reaching the milestone of scoring 100 runs. Losing wicket before reaching it – once reached it once, more confident in performance and able to reach it again

The individual performer’s level of self efficacy can affect the: Choice of activity Amount of effort applied Level of persistence

Task: 11.02!!! Complete task 11.02 on page 175 We will then feedback as a class!

Group task: In 4s, each learn a factor which contributes to the development of self efficacy. Then teach each other Class competition for the team which learns the most!

Self efficacy definition Verbal persuasion (example) Past experiences Emotional arousal Emotional arousal (example) Vicarious experience Verbal persuasion Past experiences (example) Self efficacy definition Vicarious experience (example)

A performer who has developed success and enjoyment is more likely to develop high levels of confidence

If you have developed a particular technique in tennis which was successful, you will gain confidence and use it when appropriate

A performer who has watched others achieving the task will feel they can do so as well – particularly if they are if a similar ability

Tennis player watching one of their peers successful playing the shot is more likely to believe they can achieve success too

A performer who received encouragement about their ability, especially from significant others, will feel more confident about their actions.

The coach saying ‘’well done’’, or ‘’try to play the shot, but don’t worry if it doesn’t go in’’

A performer who is encouraged to perceive their physiological and psychological arousal before participation in a positive manner is more likely to develop high levels of self efficacy.

An increased heart rate and anxiety should be viewed positively – being ready to compete. View an increase in arousal as an opportunity to improve selective attention

The degree of self confidence experienced by a performer when placed in a specific situation.

(Bandura)Development of self efficacy: Four factors contribute to development 1. Past experiences: A performer who has developed success and enjoyment is more likely to develop high levels of confidence A performer who has watched others achieving the task will feel they can do so as well – particularly if they are if a similar ability 2. Vicarious experiences:

3. Verbal persuasion 4. Emotional arousal A performer who received encouragement about their ability, especially from significant others, will feel more confident about their actions. 4. Emotional arousal A performer who is encouraged to perceive their physiological and psychological arousal before participation in a positive manner is more likely to develop high levels of self efficacy.

Developing high levels of self-efficacy Experience success Avoid failure Gradually increase task difficulty Vicarious experience (watch others) More effective if of a similar ability Verbal encouragement Stress management techniques Set goals Avoid social comparisons with performers Use attributions correctly

The presence of others….. Social facilitation: the influence of the presence of others on performance which has a positive effect Social inhibition: negative influence on performance caused by the presence of others during performance How can we link this to arousal? What dominant responses are likely to occur?

Zajonc’s model Suggests as the level of arousal increases due to the presence of others, the dominant response is more likely to occur

Four categories of ‘others’ 1. Audience 2. co-actors 3. competitive co-actors 4. social reinforcers Which do you think has the most impact on you as a performer?

Evaluation apprehension A sense of anxiety experienced by a performer, caused by the feeling that they are being judged by those in the audience

Factors affecting social facilitation Trait anxiety levels Personality of the performer Previous experiences Age and gender Status of the observer Size of the audience

Baron’s distraction conflict theory: Must focus on task in hand Distractions hinder performance Task well learned – effect of audience is less Performers need to try and ignore the distraction created by the crowd

Discuss the following statement: ‘home field advantage’ will always improve the performance of a home team Try to come up with 3-4 point for both sides of the discussion

AGREE Home support tends to improve performance More matches won at home than away Home teams tend to play attacking styles of play Larger crowd – negative for opposition Away team commit more fouls Increased pressure from the home crowd More important the game the greater the pressure Players place more pressure on themselves at home matches – expectations Social inhibition for the home team Evaluation apprehension for some teams

Strategies for combating social inhibition Develop use of mental rehearsal Train with an audience Improve selective attention Reduce importance of the event Increase self-efficacy

Exam question Using Bandura's Model, explain the factors which may contribute to a performer’s level of self-efficacy and suggest strategies that can be used to develop high levels of self-efficacy. [14 marks]

A. Explanation of self-efficacy – Level of self-confidence of a performer in a specific situation B. Example of high or low self-efficacy in a sporting context C. Past experiences/ performance accomplishments D. success leads to high levels of confidence/failure reduces confidence E. vicarious experiences/modelling F. watching others perform a task increases level of confidence G. verbal persuasion H. encouragement from coach/significant other develops self-belief/ confidence I. emotional arousal J. optimal/correct level of physical/psychological arousal helps build confidence Strategies (credit suitable examples) K. Ensure success/make practices easier/modify practices/practice in familiar environment L. Set goals M. Performance goals better than outcome goals N. Watch good quality demonstrations O. Demonstrations more effective if model is of similar ability to performer P. Praise/encouragement/positive feedback/positive reinforcement Q. Avoid social comparisons/limit effects of social inhibition R. Correct use of attributions/failure due to external unstable factors/ failure not due to internal stable factors(ability) S. (Named stress management techniques) – breathing control/ self-talk/thought stopping/mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery/ biofeedback/progressive muscle relaxation T. Give role of responsibility U. Attribution retraining V. One-to-one support W. Improve fitness/improve skill X. Watch recordings of personal previous successful experience