A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Melancholic Music On EEG Asymmetry Aaron Raymond See Department of Electrical Engineering Southern Taiwan University STUT BMEC 7/6/2018

Outline Introduction Methodology Preliminary Results Conclusions STUT BMEC Outline Introduction Methodology Preliminary Results Conclusions References 7/6/2018

Introduction Over 30 years…. EEG asymmetry Emotional states STUT BMEC Introduction Over 30 years…. EEG asymmetry Emotional states Psychophysiological conditions From: Carvalho A et al (2011) Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, pp. 143-148. Allen J (2004) Biological Psychology, 67, pp.1-5 7/6/2018

Introduction STUT BMEC Fig. 1 Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator. Model adapted from Baron and Kenney (1986). From: Coan J and Allen J (2004) Biological Psychology, 67:7-49. 7/6/2018

Introduction Effects of relatively greater left frontal activity: STUT BMEC Introduction Effects of relatively greater left frontal activity: General appetitive Approachable Behavioral activation Motivational 7/6/2018

Introduction Effects of greater right frontal activity STUT BMEC Introduction Effects of greater right frontal activity General avoidance Withdrawal behaviors Fear Anxiety 7/6/2018

Introduction EEG asymmetry measurement STUT BMEC Introduction EEG asymmetry measurement Index computed through the difference between the natural logarithm of the left hemisphere alpha power from right hemisphere alpha power = ln(right alpha power) – ln(left alpha power) From: Coan J and Allen J (2004) Biological Psychology, 67:7-49. Jetha M et al (2009) International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72: 228-233. 7/6/2018

Introduction STUT BMEC Fig. 2 Scatterplots of the relation between EEG alpha asymmetry (ln right hemisphere minus ln left hemisphere power) in the frontal regions for eyes-open and eyes closed conditions. From: Jetha M et al (2009) International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72: 228-233. 7/6/2018

STUT BMEC Introduction The factors may be considered as an index for the risk of anxiety and depression. Fig. 3 Spectral asymmetry index values averaged over a group of depressive and control subjects From: Coan J and Allen J (2004) Biological Psychology, 67:7-49. Smit DJA et al (2007) Biological Psychology, 74: 26-33. Hinrikus H et al (2009) Med Biol Eng Comput, 47: 1291-1299. 7/6/2018

Introduction STUT BMEC Fig. 4 Frontal asymmetry (mean and sd) in normal, remmitted and depressed elderly subjects. From: Carvalho et al. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, pp. 143-148, 2011. 7/6/2018

STUT BMEC Introduction Music was found to be correlated with emotional experience. Fig. 5 Differences among four musical excerpts on left and right frontal EEG alpha power From: Schmidt L and Trainor et al (2001) Cognition and Emotion, 14: 487-500. 7/6/2018

STUT BMEC Introduction Objective: To determine the effects on EEG asymmetry of resting EEG after listening to melancholic music. 7/6/2018

Methodology Subjects: 3 Male University Students Mean Age 20 Yrs Old STUT BMEC Methodology Subjects: 3 Male University Students Mean Age 20 Yrs Old Experimental procedure: Divided into 3 parts 1st measure continuous resting eyes closed EEG 10 mins 2nd listen to melancholic songs no EEG recording 10 mins 3rd measure continuous resting eyes closed EEG 10 mins 7/6/2018

Methodology Nu Amps Express of NeuroScan Company STUT BMEC Methodology Nu Amps Express of NeuroScan Company 16 channels were placed according to the 10-20 system Impedance was kept at 5 kΩ The channels recorded are composed of the following: Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, and C4 Bandpass filtered using: 0.5-30 Hz Sampling Frequency: 1000 Hz 7/6/2018

Methodology Harmonic parameter extraction: STUT BMEC Methodology Harmonic parameter extraction: Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta Single side power of each harmonic parameter Power is normalize Asymmetry index ln[right alpha] – ln[left alpha] 7/6/2018

Fig. 6 EEG asymmetry of subject 1 STUT BMEC Preliminary Results 7/6/2018 Fig. 6 EEG asymmetry of subject 1

Fig. 7 EEG asymmetry of subject 2 STUT BMEC Preliminary Results 7/6/2018 Fig. 7 EEG asymmetry of subject 2

Fig. 8 EEG asymmetry of subject 3 STUT BMEC Preliminary Results 7/6/2018 Fig. 8 EEG asymmetry of subject 3

Fig. 9 Average EEG asymmetry of 3 subjects STUT BMEC Preliminary Results 7/6/2018 Fig. 9 Average EEG asymmetry of 3 subjects

Table 1. EEG asymmetry index comparison STUT BMEC Preliminary Results Table 1. EEG asymmetry index comparison Subject 1 Left Right Before After Beta 9.66 15.57 9.77 15.70 Alpha 36.01 39.49 33.17 38.15 Theta 52.63 43.42 55.46 44.71 Delta 1.70 1.53 1.60 1.45 7/6/2018

Fig. 10 EEG asymmetry comparison STUT BMEC Preliminary Results 7/6/2018 Fig. 10 EEG asymmetry comparison

STUT BMEC Conclusions Melancholic music presented to the subjects were able to display observable changes in the EEG asymmetry indexes and the normalized power of the harmonic parameters. The asymmetry indexes were brought closer to the baseline after listening to the set of music. Beta power increase and decrease were observed to affect theta changes. 7/6/2018

STUT BMEC Conclusions More experiments may determine new methods to provide a definitive test on emotional and psychological states. 7/6/2018

STUT BMEC Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the financial support from National Science Council of Taiwan on grant number NSC 99-2221-E-218-012. 7/6/2018

STUT BMEC References P. Possel, (2008) Biological Psychology, 78: 173-178. Wheeler RE et al (1993) Psychophysiology, 30: 82–89. Coan J and Allen J (2004) Biological Psychology, 67: 7-49. Jones NA, Field T, and Davalos M (1998) Infant behavior and Development, 21: 527–530. Coan JA, Allen JJ B ( 2003) The Asymmetrical Brain, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 565–615. Davidson RJ (1993) Cognition and Emotion 7: 115–138. Harmon-Jones E and Allen JJ B (1997) Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106: 159–163. Hinrikus H et al (2009) Med Biol Eng Comput, 47: 1291-1299. Grin-Yatsenko et al (2010) Clinical Neurophysiology, 121: 281-289. 7/6/2018

References Harmon-Jones E, Gable P A, and Peterson C K (2010) Biological Psychology, 84: 451-462. Lin YP et al (2010) Neuroreport, 21: 410-414. Sokhadze E (2007) Applied Pyschophysiology and Biofeedback, 32: 31-50. Carvalho A et al (2011) Journal of Affective Disorders, 129: 143-148. Allen J (2004) Biological Psychology, 67: 1-5 . Jetha M et al (2009) International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72: 228-233. Smit DJA et al (2007) Biological Psychology, 74: 26-33. Schmidt L and Trainor et al (2001) Cognition and Emotion, 14: 487-500. http://racqueldozier.blogspot.com/2011/04/mastering-your-emotions.html http://mrdfourth90.com/all_class_sites/2010/Human_Body/data/CPemotions.htm http://novelideaslifeofateenwriter.wordpress.com/2011/01/05/traumatic-or-dramatic-life-after-a-death-scene/ http://www.medicalook.com/Mental_health/Anxiety.html 7/6/2018

Thank you for your attention! STUT BMEC Thank you for your attention! 7/6/2018