World War II Unit 10 Notes.

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Presentation transcript:

World War II Unit 10 Notes

WWII Key Terms Axis Powers Allied Powers blitzkrieg Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Battle of Britain Winston Churchill cash and carry policy Lend-Lease Act Pearl Harbor Douglas MacArthur Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway “island hopping” Battle of Guadalcanal Dwight D. Eisenhower Erwin Rommel Battle of Stalingrad D-Day/Invasion of Normandy Battle of the Bulge Iwo Jima Okinawa Harry S. Truman Hiroshima Nagasaki

A few basics the participants the Allied Powers – primarily Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States the Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan the time frame – the war lasted from 1939 to 1945 the theaters of war (where it was fought) European Theater Eastern Front – Europe east of Germany (mainly Poland, USSR, Finland) Western Front – primarily consisted of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Germany North Africa/Mediterranean – mainly Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Italy, the Balkans, and the Middle East Pacific Theater – Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands

Causes of World War II the outcome of the First World War – specifically the Treaty of Versailles military aggression by Germany, Italy, and Japan desire of the Axis Powers to gain large amounts of territory Hitler’s hatred of the Jews – the Second World War was fought as a cover up to the “real” war – his extermination of the Jews

Who’s Who of World War II Adolf Hitler Franklin D. Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Harry S. Truman Douglas MacArthur Dwight D. Eisenhower Erwin Rommel Winston Churchill

Douglas MacArthur Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific Theater famous line: “I shall return.” oversaw the occupation of Japan after the war

Erwin Rommel German Field Marshal leader of German forces that were defeated in North Africa (Afrikakorps) and at Normandy (Army Group B) known as the “Desert Fox”

Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander in the European Theater of the war defeated Rommel in North Africa architect of Operation Overlord (Normandy invasion/D-Day)

Harry S. Truman Vice President who became President when FDR died in April 1945 oversaw the end of the war ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Winston Churchill British Prime Minister during World War II refused to surrender to the Nazis inspired many Brits to persevere throughout the war

War Begins the war began when Great Britain and France abandoned the policy of appeasement following Germany’s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 during this invasion, Germany came from the west and the Soviet Union, at the time an ally of Germany because of a secret non-aggression pact, came from the east the Germans used a style of war called blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)

War Begins the war in the Pacific actually began in 1937 when Japan invaded China despite the passage of several neutrality acts between 1935 and 1937, President Roosevelt knew the U.S. must get involved to prevent the defeat of the Allies cash and carry (1939) Lend Lease Act (1941)

War Begins following the invasion of Poland, Hitler took control of Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France he then tried and failed to invade Great Britain the invasion was known as the Battle of Britain marked the first defeat for Hitler British used radar and intercepted German coded messages to help defeat the Luftwaffe (German air force) in June 1941, Hitler turned from Britain and betrayed his alliance with Stalin (Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact) and attacked the USSR

War Begins Japan invaded French Indochina in 1941, prompting the US to place an oil embargo on Japan to prevent further aggression part of the Japanese response was the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 this sneak attack brought the United States into the war against both Japan and Germany

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor 1: USS California (sunk) 2: USS Maryland 3: USS Oklahoma (sunk) 4: USS Tennessee 5: USS West Virginia (sunk) 6: USS Arizona (sunk) 7: USS Nevada 8: USS Pennsylvania 9: Ford Island 10: Hickam Field Ignored infrastructure targets: A: Oil storage tanks B:CINCPAC headquarters building C: Submarine base D: Navy Yard

USS Oklahoma

USS Arizona

War in Africa and the Mediterranean North African Campaign (June 1940-May 1943) Western Desert Campaign Operation Torch Tunisian Campaign Italian Campaign (July 1943-May 1945) invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) landing at Anzio (Operation Shingle) Battle of Monte Cassino

Normandy Invasion/D-Day Battle Date Theater Significance Invasion of Poland Sept. 1 – Oct. 6, 1939 Battle of Britain July 10 – Oct. 31, 1940    Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941  Battle of Coral Sea May 4-8, 1942  Battle of Midway June 4-7, 1942  Battle of Guadalcanal Aug. 7, 1942 – Feb. 9, 1943  Battle of Stalingrad Aug. 23, 1942 – Feb. 2, 1943  Normandy Invasion/D-Day June 6, 1944  Battle of the Bulge Dec. 16, 1944 – Jan. 25, 1945  Iwo Jima Feb. 19 – Mar. 26, 1945  Okinawa  April 1 – June 22, 1945 Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945  Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945 

D-Day Invasion

D-Day Invasion

D-Day Invasion

Normandy Invasion/D-Day Battle Year Theater Significance Invasion of Poland Battle of Britain   Pearl Harbor Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Battle of Guadalcanal Battle of Stalingrad Normandy Invasion/D-Day Battle of the Bulge Iwo Jima Okinawa Hiroshima Nagasaki

Hiroshima

Hiroshima

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

Nagasaki

Nagasaki

The End of the War on April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died and Vice President Harry S. Truman became President following the Battle of the Bulge, the Germans retreated back into Germany and surrendered on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day) Truman oversaw the end of the war, including the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945 (V-J Day)

Normandy Invasion/D-Day Battle Date Theater Significance Invasion of Poland Sept. 1 – Oct. 6, 1939 EUROPE started war Battle of Britain July 10 – Oct. 31, 1940   first Nazi defeat Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941   PACIFIC drew U.S. into war  Battle of Coral Sea May 4-8, 1942  stopped invasion of Australia  Battle of Midway June 4-7, 1942  damaged Japanese fleet beyond repair, is. hopping Battle of Guadalcanal Aug. 7, 1942 – Feb. 9, 1943  first major U.S. offensive  against Japan Battle of Stalingrad July 17, 1942 – Feb. 2, 1943  EUROPE  stopped Nazi invasion of USSR  Normandy Invasion/D-Day June 6, 1944   EUROPE liberated France Battle of the Bulge Dec. 16, 1944 – Jan. 25, 1945  final German offensive of the war  Iwo Jima Feb. 19 – Mar. 26, 1945  guidelines for Okinawa and invasion of Japan; flag raising Okinawa  April 1 – June 22, 1945  provided airfields and troop staging areas; led to nukes Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945   1st nuclear bomb Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945  2nd nuclear bomb; led to Japanese surrender 

World War II by the Numbers the most devastating war in human history 60-80 million people died as a result of the war 23-25 million soldiers 35-47 million civilians 6 million Jews nearly 22.5 million men were wounded in combat millions of civilians were homeless, starving, and diseased after the war

The Holocaust

Holocaust Key Terms (Unit 10 Part 2) Workbook p. 231-236 anti-Semitism (212) Aryan (231) Nuremberg Laws (231) Kristallnacht* “Final Solution” (232) genocide (232) Holocaust (234) Nuremberg Trials (235) Zionism*

Anti-Semitism: “The Longest Hatred” intense hatred of Jewish (Semitic) people the heart of Nazism widespread in Europe for a very long time led to the Holocaust – the systematic murder of European Jews during World War II by the Nazis Jews were scapegoats

Why did Europeans hate or distrust Jews? there is no definitive answer to this question religious and cultural differences made Jews stand out among other Europeans they were often viewed as more intellectual and successful and less nationalistic and patriotic many Jews were very well educated, very prosperous

Why did Hitler and the Nazis hate Jews? again, no clear definitive answer possible identity crisis – Hitler may have “found himself” or his “calling” in his hatred of Jews and other non-German groups possibly it was exposure to Völkisch (anti-Semitic ideas in Austria) thinking during his youth what is known is that anti-Semitism was the heart and soul of Nazi ideology

Hitler’s Claims Germans or “Aryans” were the master race and all others were inferior inferior groups included: Jews Gypsies Poles Russians/Slavs communists homosexuals the physically and mentally handicapped the Nazis wanted to eliminate those inferior groups and other undesirables

Jewish Persecution in Germany Nuremberg Laws passed by the Nazis in 1935 denied German citizenship to Jews prevented Jews from marrying non-Jews Jews were forced to wear the Star of David as identification Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass” November 9, 1938 huge race riots all over Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland Jewish synagogues and businesses were destroyed about 100 Jews were murdered and about 30,000 Jews were arrested and put in concentration camps

The “Final Solution” this was Hitler’s plan of genocide – to kill all Jews it was carried out by Nazi death squads – special mobile killing units the Einsatzgruppen were elite SS and Nazi troops attached to the regular military whose job was to locate and exterminate any and all Jews

The Camps many Jews and political prisoners were sent to concentration camps – basically prison camps where they were used for slave labor starting in 1942, the Nazis built camps for the specific purpose of killing Jews – these were the death camps in the death camps, Jews were taken to huge gas chambers and executed – then cremated in huge ovens

The Camps the first concentration camp to open was Dachau in March of 1933 the death camps were ordered built by Heinrich Himmler in 1942 as part of the Final Solution there were six death camps Auschwitz-Birkenau (the largest) Belzec Chelmno Majdanek Sobibor Treblinka

Results of the Holocaust camps began to be liberated in summer 1944 around 6 million Jews were killed and 3 million or more survived up to 6 million more were killed in addition to the Jews (Poles, Russians, disabled people, etc.)

Victims Killed Jews 5.9 million Soviet POWs 2–3 million Ethnic Poles Romani (Gypsies) 220,000–1,500,000 Disabled 200,000–250,000 Freemasons 80,000-200,000 Slovenes 20,000–25,000 Homosexuals 5,000–15,000 Jehovah's Witnesses 2,500–5,000

Est. Pre-War Jewish population Country Est. Pre-War Jewish population Estimated killed Percent killed Poland 3,300,000 3,000,000 90 Baltic countries 253,000 228,000 Germany & Austria 240,000 210,000 Bohemia & Moravia 90,000 80,000 89 Slovakia 75,000 83 Greece 70,000 54,000 77 Netherlands 140,000 105,000 75 Hungary 650,000 450,000 70 Byelorussian SSR 375,000 245,000 65 Ukrainian SSR 1,500,000 900,000 60 Belgium 65,000 40,000 Yugoslavia 43,000 26,000 Romania 600,000 300,000 50 Norway 2,173 890 41 France 350,000 26 Bulgaria 64,000 14,000 22 Italy 8,000 20 Luxembourg 5,000 1,000 Russian SFSR 975,000 107,000 11 Denmark 52 <1 Total 8,861,800 5,933,900 67

Year Jews killed 1933–1940 under 100,000 1941 1,100,000 1942 2,700,000 1943 500,000 1944 600,000 1945 100,000

Nuremberg Trials and Aftermath trials of 22 Nazi leaders for “crimes against humanity” military tribunal from 23 countries conducted the trials 10 of the Nazi leaders were hanged and had their bodies burned at a concentration camp others received penalties of life in prison and some were set free Zionism (support for a Jewish state) increased after the Holocaust Israel became a country in 1948 as a response