Ginsenoside Phytochemical Variation Kristina McIntyre University of Ottawa

Objectives Examine the variation in ginsenoside composition between 5 Ontario ginseng farms Inter- and intra-population variation 6 main ginsenosides: Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd Broader range Identification of unique ginsenoside profiles and landraces

Preliminary Work Chromatographic methods of analysis Examination of Variation in 1 population Examination of ginsenoside AGE-inhibition activity

Recovery Study

Ginsenoside Variation- Population 1 Figure 1. HPLC-DAD chromatogram of the 6 major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius.

Ginsenoside Variation- Population 1 Figure 2. Relative abundance of 6 ginsenosides and total ginsenosides (%w/w) averaged across Panax quinquefolius roots on one Ontario farm. Mean values (n=17) ± standard deviation are presented.

Ginsenoside Variation- Population 1 Total ginsenoside content ranged from 4.9 to 13.7% (w/w) Mean of 8.4%(w/w) Greater than the total ginsenoside in New York State, Maryland, British Columbia, wild populations in Ontario, Quebec, Vermont, Maine, and Wisconsin which range from 1.53- 5.78 % (w/w) Rb1, Re, Rd dominant Rg1 and Rb2 low quantities

AGE Inhibition Assay Experimental: BSA + glucose/fructose + extract Controls: Positive, Negative, Extract, BSA, Vehicle Quadruplicate to 96 well plate Incubate 7 days, 37oC Read fluorescence- 355 and 460nm Determine percent inhibition and IC50 % Inhibition= ((Fnegative- Fexperimental corrected)/ Fnegative )*100% Extract Control: Sugar + buffer + extract Positive Control: BSA+ sugar+ quercetin Negative Control: BSA+ sugar+ EtOH Vehicle Control: Buffer+ EtOH BSA Control: BSA+ buffer+ EtOH

AGE-inhibition Table 2. Summary of data obtained for the IC50 ranges of major ginsenosides and Naturex’s ginsenoside extracts Ginsenoside IC50 Range (mg/mL) Rb1 1 - 10 Rd Re > 10 Rg1 0.5 - 1 Naturex aqueous extract Naturex hydro-ethanolic extract

Conclusions and Future Work Significant intra-population variation Low AGE-inhibition activity Examine inter-population variation Examination of a wider range of ginsenosides (including malonyl ginsenosides) and phenolics Further study of biological activities

Questions or Comments?