Forensic analysis of biodiesel

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Presentation transcript:

Forensic analysis of biodiesel Michael R. Goodman, Elizabeth A. Kaley, Eric E. Finney Forensic Science International Volume 263, Pages 10-26 (June 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 General reaction scheme of the production of FAMEs that make up biodiesel from a triacylglycerol. Glycerol is the other product formed in the reaction. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Total ion chromatograms of the neat samples of (from top to bottom) diesel fuel, B5, B20, B50, and B99 biodiesel blends, and homemade biodiesel (B100). Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Total ion chromatogram of homemade biodiesel prepared from coconut oil. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Total ion chromatograms of (from top to bottom) diesel, B5, B20, B75, B99, and homemade biodiesel (B100) analyzed using heated headspace sampling at 75°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Total ion chromatograms of (from top to bottom) diesel, B5, B20, B75, B99, and homemade biodiesel (B100) analyzed using heated headspace sampling at 100°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Extraction ion chromatogram (m/z=57) for a heated-headspace (75°C) sample of B5 (top) and B20 (bottom), showing their similar n-alkane profiles. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Extracted ion chromatograms (m/z=74) for a heated-headspace (75°C) sample of B5 (top) and B20 (bottom). The FAME peaks can clearly be seen in the B20 profile. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Total ion chromatograms of B20 biodiesel after exposure to soil over a period of 60 days. Heated-headspace analysis was performed at 75°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Extracted (m/z=74) ion chromatograms of B20 over 60 days. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Abundances of FAME components of B20 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 75°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Abundances of selected n-alkane (top) and aromatic (bottom) components of B20 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 75°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 Abundances of FAME components (top), selected n-alkane (center), and aromatic (bottom) components of B20 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to potting soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 75°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 13 Abundances of FAME components (top), selected n-alkane (center), and aromatic (bottom) components of B20 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 100°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 14 Abundances of FAME components (top), selected n-alkane (center), and aromatic (bottom) components of B20 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to potting soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 100°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 15 Abundances of C16:0, C18:1, and C18:0 in B20 biodiesel exposed to soil over 60 days, analyzed at 75°C (top) and 100°C (bottom). The abundances are shown relative to 1-chlorohexadecane as an internal standard. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 16 Abundances of FAME components (top) and oxygenated decomposition products (bottom) of homemade B100 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 100°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 17 Abundances of FAME components (top) and oxygenated decomposition products (bottom) of homemade B100 biodiesel relative to 1-chlorohexadecane upon exposure to potting soil over a period of 60 days. The sample was analyzed by heated-headspace at 100°C. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 18 Total ion chromatograms for the evaporation of B20 biodiesel, from top to bottom: neat sample, 25% evaporated, 50% evaporated, 75% evaporated, and 95% evaporated. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 19 Extraction ion (m/z=74) chromatogram of B5 biodiesel after 50% had evaporated. Peaks corresponding to FAME components can begin to be observed at this point, but not before, in the case of the B5 blend. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Scheme 1 Common fragmentation routes of methyl esters giving rise to m/z 59 and m/z=74 ions in the mass spectra. Forensic Science International 2016 263, 10-26DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.040) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions