Researching the Literature

Scholarly literature and the research process Outline Scholarly literature and the research process Activity Research Article vs Review Article Search Tool Develop a search - PICO Hands-on with Pubmed Citing

Learning Outcomes You will be able to: Distinguish between research and review articles Create a search strategy based on the PICO framework Search for information using Pubmed Identify citation elements in order to format citations

The Scientific Method Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Report Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Report Question Research

Scientific Information Timeline Primary Sources ? Secondary Sources Tertiary Sources Grey Sources ?   P - original material S - interpretations and evaluations that are derived from or refer to primary sources T - distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources G- information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing P – geared to general audience Popular Sources ?

Scientific Information Timeline Primary Sources Research Articles Secondary Sources Books/eBooks Review Articles Tertiary Sources Encyclopedia Entries Dictionary Entries Grey Sources Government Publications Organization Publications Theses   P - original material S - interpretations and evaluations that are derived from or refer to primary sources T - distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources G- information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing P – geared to general audience Popular Sources News Articles Blog Entries

Peer-review Process

Manuscript submissions and decisions Peer-review Process A panel of experts in a field evaluate an article’s quality, validity, and relevance in its field An article can be Accepted Require revisions Rejected Manuscript submissions and decisions

IMRaD Format Different from review articles Prezi - Need analogy for coral reef theoretical context

Usually involves several consistent sections: IMRaD Format Usually involves several consistent sections: Introduction - outlining the purpose of the research, including a short summary of past research in the area Methods - explaining the experimental procedure Results - relaying and analyzing the experimental data Discussion - explaining trends found in analysis, potential sources of error, and further directions in the area Theoretical and modelling papers may not have these sections Different from review articles Prezi - Need analogy for coral reef theoretical context

PubMed

Activity 1 – PubMed Interface Research vs Review Working in pairs, discuss and decide whether each article is a research or review article (10min) List of articles in Pubmed http://tinyurl.com/pubmedlist We will discuss as a group (10min)

Reading strategies What is the best section of an article to read first?

Reading strategies Novice Expert Title Abstract Discussion/Conclusion Introduction Results References Methods Title Abstract Results –table/graphs Discussion/Conclusion References Introduction Methods

Search – an iterative process Write your topic out as a sentence or question Identify the main ideas (concepts) Think of synonyms for each concept (search terms) Use the search terms to build a search strategy Find and evaluate the results Repeat the search with new search terms that you discover Analogy to using the internet for a search

Identifying the Concepts - PICO PICO – framework to help create a search Population/Patient Intervention/Issue Comparison Outcome

PICO Population/Patient Intervention/Issue/Action Age Disease Sex Race Treatment Program Comparison Outcome No treatment Different treatment/program Mortality Symptoms improvement Prevention Uptake

Question Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?

Question Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? P I C O

Question Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? P - youth I C O

Question Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? P - youth I - advertising e-cigarettes C O

Question Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? P - youth I - advertising e-cigarettes C - no advertising O

Question Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? P - youth I - advertising e-cigarettes C - no advertising O - start smoking

P I C O Synonyms youth e-cigarette advertising no advertising smoking ?

electronic cigarettes Synonyms P I C O youth e-cigarette advertising no advertising smoking adolescent e-cigarettes teens electronic cigarettes teenager teenagers

Search Tips Phrase searching Truncation Boolean operators Quotations - “electronic cigarettes” Truncation Asterisk (sometimes other symbol) – teen* Boolean operators AND Many databases don’t need AND, it is assumed The more terms you AND together, the fewer results you find OR Used to combine synonyms The more terms you OR together, the more results you find Use brackets when using synonyms with OR

Synonyms with Boolean Operators AND AND AND AND P I C O youth e-cigarette advertising no advertising smoking adolescent e-cigarettes teens electronic cigarettes teenager teenagers OR OR Public awareness campaign Public health campaign OR OR

Synonyms with Truncation AND AND AND AND P I C O youth e-cigarette* advertising smok* adolescent electronic cigarettes teen* OR OR Public awareness campaign Public health campaign

Synonyms with Phrase Searching AND AND AND AND P I C O youth e-cigarette* advertising smok* adolescent “electronic cigarettes” teen* OR OR Public awareness campaign Public health campaign

Search String (Youth OR adolescent OR teen*) AND (e-cigarette* OR “electronic cigarettes”) (advertising) (smok*)

Activity 2 – PICO Questions Do fall prevention programs help prevent seniors from falling? Which is more effective at preventing nausea in cancer patients: ondansetron or granisetron? How is the gene Nlrp1b connected with diabetes? Seniors, fall prevention, falls Cancer patients, ondansetron, granisetron, nausea Diabetes, NIrp1b

Activity 3 - PubMed Searching Go to the library homepage Go to the database link underneath the large search box Click on the letter P Scroll to the bottom of the page, select Pubmed from the list What is the relationship between food security and obesity?

Citation in the Sciences Why Cite ?

Citation A - gives credit to the person or group who researched and wrote the information you are using (WHO) I – tells what it is (WHAT) L – tells where you where you can find it (WHERE) R – tells if it is relevant to the topic being discussed Q – tells something about the quality of the information “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulder of giants” Isaac Newton

Citation Element Example PMID: 25421063 E-cigarette use in Canada: prevalence and patterns of use in a regulated market Samantha Shiplo, Christine D Czoli, David Hammond BMJ Open 2015;5:e007971 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007971   Electronic Cigarettes: Vulnerability of Youth Dean E. Schraufnagel Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2015 Mar 1; 28(1): 2–6 doi:  10.1089/ped.2015.0490 Support for Indoor Bans on Electronic Cigarettes among Current and Former Smokers Stephanie K. Kolar, Brooke G. Rogers, Monica Webb Hooper Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(12), 12174-12189 doi:10.3390/ijerph111212174 The impact of electronic cigarettes on the paediatric population Elizabeth L Durmowicz Tob Control 2014;23:ii41-ii46 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051468 Electronic cigarettes: The nicotyrine hypothesis Aaron Abramovitz, Amy McQueen, Raul E. Martinez, Brent J. Williams, Walton Sumner Medical Hypotheses, Volume 85, Issue 3, September 2015, Pages 305–310 doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.002

Library Workshop Assignment Research Question: Does vaccination during pregnancy reduce the incidence of whooping cough? Identify the PICO terms in the above question Find two sources that answer the above question One research article (primary) from the last 5 years One review article (secondary) from the last 10 years Write out the citation elements for each of the articles Write a reflection on identifying and evaluating the articles Write a reflection on searching for the articles https://library.carleton.ca/research/course-guides/hlth2001

Library Research Help HELP Health Subject Guide HLTH2001 Course Guide QUESTIONS? Visit the library Call Research Help Desk 613-520-2600 x2735 Email heather.macdonald@carleton.ca