Referencing By Andreas Grondoudis

Contents What is referencing and why use it? References vs. Bibliography The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric) Compiling a list of references Electronic references Direct quotations and Bibliography Common mistakes

What is referencing and why use it? What is it: Referencing is the act of acknowledging all work (from somebody else) that you have used in your work. Since you are citing a paper you have read you must provide a reference for it. Why use it: Referencing is used to acknowledge other people's work or ideas in relation to your own. To enable a reader to find the source material if need be, to cross-reference or just read To avoid plagiarism or literary theft. We talked about this in ethics. What's the worse that could happen? Face legal action, adverse publicity, ostracism by the academic community, students could lose assignments and courses, even suspension from the university

When should references be used? When citing factual material from other sources On paper Papers, books, theses, lecture or lab documents, magazine & newspaper articles, any public material published, government documents Electronic Web pages; online journal papers and conference proceedings; CDROMS (media) and electronic databases Visual and audio material Videos; tapes; CDs, DVDs

References vs. Bibliography A list of references is a list of all the sources that you have cited in the text of your document. Preferred for technical documents as: 1)it is the system used in scientific literature and 2)shows how your work integrates with others Bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have consulted but not cited while working on your document. Usually we only have one or the other but if you have both then remember: citations must be in references only. They must be placed at the end of the document immediately before any appendices

The two main systems Cross referencing is what we insert in the body of the text in order to identify the full reference (of the citation) in the list of references The author – date (Harvard) system In the text: surname of the author and the year of publication both in parentheses separated by a comma: (Grondoudis, 1994) In the references: list of A-Z of authors' surnames The numerical system In the text: each citation is given a unique number in the order in which they appear in the text; it could be in square brackets [4] or as a superscript 4. Multiple citations: use the same unique number of the first citation In the references: list of 1-to-n of the unique numbers used in text

Choosing between systems Depends on what you are writing for Journals always specify the system they want you to use Stuff members (instructors) usually have a preference (just ask) Do not use both in the same document Table 14.2 from our textbook mentions Harvard Pros: recognising the source; make it easy for individuals familiar with the literature; alphabetical list at the end; late additions are easy Cons: many citations can make the text look awkward Numerical Pros: no text interruption by wordy citations; only need to repeat a number Cons: readers familiar with the literature find it difficult to recognise citations; late additions are difficult (especially when inserting); repeating numbers can be difficult (to follow)

Harvard examples & what ifs? Single author ..another approach by (Manuel, 1998) who also… .. Manuel (1998) suggested an alternative approach and also… 2 authors …similar finding are reported in (Manuel and Rhino, 2000) 2+ authors …similar findings were reported by (Manuel et al., 2001) several papers …this view is also supported by the respective community (Manuel, 2002; Rhino and Ridges 2002; Zen et al. 2002) who further… Order them either by year or by surnames same author, multiple papers, different years …active research (Zen 2002, 2003) suggests… same author, multiple papers, same year …active research in the field (Zen, 2001 a, b) Unable to obtain original by seen a citation …a view shared by (Kefalas, 2003) as cited by (Faith et al., 2004) Same surname (different authors), same year ..argued in (Kefalas, A., 2003) and (Kefalas, V., 2004) Personal communication (just a couple, no need to include in references) Sample values included (H.C. Ming, pers. comm.) Please note: None of this is required in the numeric system

Compiling a list of references Made of anything that you have cited in the text of your document Placed at the end of the document, just before appendices Harvard: list alphabetical by surname Numeric: sequentially numbered in the order they appear in the text. Points to note: List is there to allow for information retrieval There are minor variations in the format of listing There are standard abbreviations in journals Ensure consistency, every full stop and comma must be in the right place. Assessors often check this area very thoroughly.

List of types of sources Journal papers Books Other sources surname, initials (year) Title of paper, Journal name (in correctly abbreviated form) The volume number of the journal with issue number in parentheses Start and end number of pages Surname, initials (Ed after editors) Title of book (italic or underlined, using "title case" subtitle (if applicable, separated with ; ) Title of series (if applicable) Volume number, Edition (if not first) Publisher Place of publication, Page numbers of quoted material If surname is missing Title of the document Date Producing organisation Any identifying numbers Too many examples (just a thesis below, more on textbook 178-180) Clooney, G., Pitt, B., Jolie, A. (2010) Computer Vision, Int. J. Theor. Comp. Sci. 38(4), 911-923 Bernett, A.G. (2000) Programming in Visual Basic; A Practical Guide, 3rd Ed, McGraw-Hill, London. Gregory, G. (2000), Computer Visualisation, PhD Thesis, University of Ohio

Electronic references Examples: A WWW page; a paper from online conference proceedings; an online journal article; database abstracts; a personal email; a discussions list Please see the textbook for example on any of the above A web page Author (if authored) The title Date of construction of the material (in brackets) [Online] Available: followed by the URL The date you access it (in square brackets []) An example Grondoudis | EUC (2012 – last updated), [Online], Available: http://faculty.euc.ac.cy/agrondoudis, [2013, June 2]

Direct quotations & Bibliography Used very rarely in technical documents Enclose a few words in double quotes Compiling a bibliography Each listed citation is formatted as for a list of references (see before) The items are listing in alphabetical order The list is not numbered It is common practice to indent each line after the first

Common mistakes Severe faults (assessors will reject for these) Citing a reference in the text and leaving out in the list of references (or visa-versa) The date of the citation does not match the date of the entry in the list of references In the list of references Inconsistencies in formatting Using non-standard abbreviation in a journal entry Insufficient details given Not inverting the autho and initials order Good: Grondoudis, A., Bad: A., Grondoudis, Unobtainable refrences Incorrect volume and page numbers.

Referencing summary What is referencing and why use it? References vs. Bibliography The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric) Compiling a list of references Electronic references Direct quotations and Bibliography Common mistakes