Theories of Motivation Unit VIIi Motivation and emotion

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process We are here Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

What Is Motivation? ________- is a need or want that causes us to act. ________- directs and maintains goal-directed behavior. ______________- explain the relationship between physiological changes and emotional experiences.

Theories of Motivation Instinct Theory Drive- Reduction Theory Incentive Theory Arousal Theory Hierarchy of Motives

Instinct Theory ____________- physical and ________ instincts such as curiosity and fearlessness cause us to act. _________- are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors. Ex: Birds and butterflies flying South for the winter; salmon swimming upstream to mate ___________ with theory: Are there any human behaviors that can be considered true instincts? How much of human behavior is instinctive?

Drive-reduction theory When the ____________ of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. ________________- a physical need creates an aroused _________ state (a drive) that motivates an organism to __________ the need (Hull, 1951)

Drive Reduction The ____________ aim of drive reduction is ________________. Homeostasis- the maintenance of a steady internal state-__________. The regulation of any aspect of _______________ around a particular level. Drive Reduction Food Empty Stomach (Food Deprived) Stomach Full Organism

Drive-reduction theory Strengths- Does a nice job explaining most _________ drives Falls apart with more complex behaviors/_________ drives- ________ and Secondary Drives

Incentive Theory ____________- beyond the ________ motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal, ________ motives or external stimuli such as _______, approval, and grades regulate and pull us towards a ________. _________- a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Optimum arousal Humans seek __________ levels of arousal. Sometimes we want _______ of arousal Sometimes we want very ______ arousal Some of us tend to want _______ and some of us tend to want ________.

Arousal theory People do things in order to seek out an ________ level of arousal for a given moment, I want a _______ level of arousal- let’s do something epic tonight. I want a ______ level of arousal- let’s stay in tonight. I am _______ with my life, I need a new job. I am stressed at work, let’s take a ________.

Yerkes-Dodson law States that there is an _______ level of arousal for best performance on any task. The more ______ the task, the ________ the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance.

Hierarchy of Needs Abraham ______ (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. ____________ needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before ____________ needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. (1908-1970)

Hierarchy of Needs