Publication ethics PU 7, March 15, 2017 Jonas Josefsson, Department of Philosophy, lu

Publication ethics: Topics for today Ethics and peer review process Scientific publication: Guidelines and rules. Plagiarism. Consequences

Ethics and peer review process Prepublication review process started in the middle of 1700 (The Royal Society) with Philosophical Transactions.

Ethics and peer review process Risk: Biased reviewers and editors Solutions: Double-blind review process Single-blind review process Tripple-blind review process Open review process Risk: Trust in validity Solution: postpublication peer review?

Ethics and peer review process Predatory journals (Jeffrey Beall’s list) Open access business model without proper review process Fake reviews ”Earlier this month (Nov 2016), BioMed Central and Springer announced that they were retracting nearly 60 papers for a host of related issues, including manipulating the peer-review process.” “in March, 2015, BMC pulled 43 papers for fake reviews; a few months later, in August, Springer did the same for 64 papers.”

Publication ethics: Authorship Non-proper authors/contributers: Gift-authors Ghost-authors Honorary authors The figures in the Lund University presentation are based on the 2009 financial year. Figures up to 1 000 are given exactly. Figures over 1 000 are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Publication ethics: Authorship Proper authors/contributers: Authorship credit should be based on substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (October 2008) The figures in the Lund University presentation are based on the 2009 financial year. Figures up to 1 000 are given exactly. Figures over 1 000 are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Macchiarini 2011 Macchiarini article from 2011: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61715-7/abstract

Macchiarini Macchiarini and The Lancet: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00341-X/fulltext?rss=yes

Publication ethics: Rules and guidelines Legislation Rules and guidelines issued be universities or other research institutions Rules and guidelines issued by publishers

Rules and guidelines issued by publishers Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: http://www.icmje.org/ Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE): http://publicationethics.org/

Publication ethics: Publication practices Non-proper practices: Report results that have not been reviewed Dubious authorship Salami-papers Double-dipping The figures in the Lund University presentation are based on the 2009 financial year. Figures up to 1 000 are given exactly. Figures over 1 000 are rounded to the nearest hundred.

Research ethics: FFP Misconduct: Fabrication Falsification Plagiarism (”Para-fraud”) The figures in the Lund University presentation are based on the 2009 financial year. Figures up to 1 000 are given exactly. Figures over 1 000 are rounded to the nearest hundred.

What is plagiarism? Distinguish between: Quotation Translation Paraphrase Plagiarism

Plagiarism: simple definition Plagiarism is the intentional or accidental misrepresentation of someone else's work, ideas, or words as your own.

Plagiarism: simple definition Plagiarism is the intentional or accidental mis-representation of someone else's work, ideas, or words as your own. What about self-plagiarism?

Plagiarism: not so simple Plagiarism (Office of Research Integrity – ORI): ORI considers plagiarism to include both the theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work. It does not include authorship or credit disputes. The theft or misappropriation of intellectual property includes the unauthorized use of ideas or unique methods obtained by a privileged communication, such as a grant or manuscript review. Substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work means the unattributed verbatim or nearly verbatim copying of sentences and paragraphs which materially mislead the ordinary reader regarding the contributions of the author. ORI generally does not pursue the limited use of identical or nearly-identical phrases which describe a commonly-used methodology or previous research because ORI does not consider such use as substantially misleading to the reader or of great significance.

Scientists Behaving Badly BC Martinson, MS Anderson, & R de Vries Scientists Behaving Badly BC Martinson, MS Anderson, & R de Vries. (2005). Nature, 435: 737-38

Publication ethics: Consequences Errata Retraction Misconduct: Retraction + administrative actions

Retraction