Exploration

Cause and Effect Cause Effect The reason why something happens Happens BEFORE an action or decision Ex: The cause of failing my test was not studying. The result of an action or decision Happens AFTER an action or decision Ex: The effect of failing my test was getting grounded by my parents.

CAUSE The reason why something happens Happens BEFORE an action or decision Ex: The cause of failing my test was not studying.

EFFECT The result of an action or decision Happens AFTER an action or decision Ex: The effect of failing my test was getting grounded by my parents.

I. Causes of Exploration The Crusades- war between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land in the Middle East Europeans were exposed to Asian goods Trade began between Europe and Asia

b. The Black Plague 25 million Europeans died Peasants moved to cities Cities grew became trading centers People were exposed to goods and cultures from around the world

c. The Renaissance The “rebirth” of learning in Europe Printing press allowed more books to be read by more people People became more interested in the world outside of Europe

d. The Three Gs Gold- countries could buy and sell gold, silver, slaves, and spices from distant lands God- European countries wanted to spread Christianity Glory- kings and queens wanted more power by claiming land and building empires

e. Better routes to Asia Monarchs (kings and queens) wanted to find direct routes to Asia in order to get goods

f. Advanced technology New technology, like the astrolabe, caravel, and compass, made exploration faster and easier.

II. Columbus Discovers America Christopher Columbus wanted to find a western route to Asia and sailed across the Atlantic 1492- Columbus discovered the islands of the Bahamas and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti)

III. Effects of Columbus’ Discovery a. More sailors from Europe sailed across the Atlantic to explore the Americas

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b. Columbian Exchange i. Plants, animals, and diseases were exchanged between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. 1. Many Native Americans died because their bodies were not immune to European diseases.

IV. Conquistadors a. Conquistador- Spanish word for “conqueror” ii. Francisco Pizarro- conquered the Inca in Peru i. Hernan Cortes- conquered the Aztec in Mexico/Central America

b. The Spanish were able to conquer the Native Americans because they had better weapons (guns), armor, horses, and diseases- NOT BECAUSE THEY HAD MORE PEOPLE. c. Many Native Americans were either murdered or forced into slavery.

Primary source- a document created at the time an event occurred (Ex: letter, diary, photograph, art, stamp, coin, clothing) Secondary source- an account of past events created by people some time after the events happened (Ex: history books)

Social Studies textbook Biography about Abraham Lincoln More Examples Primary Source Secondary Source Map drawn by Columbus Journal entry written by a WWII soldier Speech written by Abraham Lincoln Social Studies textbook Biography about Abraham Lincoln

Martin Luther

Spanish Armada Defeated

V. The Race for Empires European countries competed for power by gaining new colonies in the Americas i. Colonies- land owned by a more powerful country for its resources

b. European countries wanted sailors to discover a Northwest Passage to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific i. No Northwest Passage was found, but sailors did discover new lands.

New Spain

New France

VI. The Need for New Labor Many Native American slaves were dying from European diseases. Africans had built an immunity to European diseases Colonists started transporting slaves from Africa to North and South America.

VII. The Slave Trade Most slaves were kidnapped in the interior of Africa. i. Slaves would be chained around the neck and transported 1,000 miles to the Atlantic coast b. The voyage that enslaved Africans took across the Atlantic Ocean was called the Middle Passage

c. Conditions on slave ships traveling on the Middle Passage i) Slaves were packed in the lower decks of the ships ii) Slaves were chained together iii) Crammed into small spaces (18 inches) iv) Diseases spread v) Slaves died of suffocation and malnutrition vi) Some slaves committed suicide vii) One out of every six Africans died on the Middle Passage

VIII. Slave Treatment a. Slaves were sent to Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies Slaves were given few rights Slaves were treated like property Slave punishments included torture, beating, and sometimes murder for disobeying their masters Some slaves were treated kindly (given food and clothing) while others were abused (whippings, brandings)