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Section 1: Primary and Secondary Groups Chapter Preview Section 1: Primary and Secondary Groups Section 2: Other Groups and Networks Section 3: Types of Social Interaction Section 4: Formal Organizations Chapter Menu

Chapter Preview · Section 1 Primary and Secondary Groups (pages 172–176) Groups are classified by how they develop and function. Primary groups meet emotional and support needs, while secondary groups are task-focused. Chapter Preview 1

Chapter Preview · Section 2 Other Groups and Networks (pages 177–180) Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves and form identities. In-groups and out-groups divide people into “we” and “they”. Social networks extend our contacts and le us form links to many other people. Chapter Preview 2

Chapter Preview · Section 3 Types of Social Interaction (pages 181–189) Five types of social interaction are basic to group life: cooperation, conflict, social exchange, coercion, and conformity. Chapter Preview 3

Chapter Preview · Section 4 Formal Organization (pages 190–196) A formal organization is created to achieve some goal. Most are bureaucratic. The existence of primary groups and relationships within formal organizations can either help or hinder the achievement of the goals. Chapter Preview 4

Chapter Preview-End

Groups are classified by how they develop and function Groups are classified by how they develop and function. Primary groups meet emotional and support needs, while secondary groups are task focused. Section 1-Preview

primary relationships secondary group secondary relationships social category social aggregate primary group primary relationships secondary group secondary relationships Section 1-Key Terms

Section 1-Polling Question Which group is most important in your life? A. Your friends B. Your classmates C. Your teammate D. Your teachers A B C D Section 1-Polling Question

Groups, Categories, and Aggregates A group is composed of people who share several features, including the following: They are in regular contact with one another. They share some ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. Section 1

Groups, Categories, and Aggregates (cont.) They take one another’s behavior into account. They have one or more interests or goals in common. Section 1

Groups, Categories, and Aggregates (cont.) A social category is composed of people who share a social characteristic. A social aggregate is composed of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. Section 1

Scientists are an example of a A. Group B. Social category C. Social aggregate D. Society A B C D Section 1

Primary Groups A primary group is composed of people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company. Primary relationships are intimate, personal, caring and fulfilling. Section 1

Primary Groups (cont.) Conditions needed for a primary group: Small size Face-to-face contact Continuous contact Proper social environment Section 1

Primary Groups (cont.) The functions of a primary group are: Emotional support Socialization To encourage conformity Section 1

Which is NOT a characteristic of a primary group? A. Large size B. Continuous contact C. Face-to-face contact D. None of the above A B C D Section 1

Secondary Groups A secondary group is impersonal and goal oriented. Secondary relationships involve only limited parts of personalities. Section 1

How many secondary groups do you think you belong to? A. 0–1 B. 2–3 D. More than 5 A B C D Section 1

Section 1-End

Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves and form identities Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves and form identities. In-groups and out-groups divide people into “we” and “they”. Social networks extend our contacts and let us form links to many other people. Section 2-Preview

reference group in-group out-group social network Section 2-Key Terms

Section-Polling Question Do you consider you an audience at a concert to be a group? A. yes B. not C. not sure A B C Section-Polling Question

Reference Groups Reference groups help us to evaluate ourselves and to acquire attitudes, beliefs, and norms—in both positive and negative ways. Section 2

Do you agree that other groups help shape your beliefs? A. Agree B. Disagree A B Section 2

In-Groups and Out-Groups An in-group requires extreme loyalty from its members to the exclusion of others. The in-group feels opposition, antagonism, or competition toward the out-group. Section 2

In-Groups and Out-Groups (cont.) These groups can be found anywhere and display some sort of boundary that distinguishes them. Section 2

Which could be considered a group boundary? A. Handshake B. Clothing C. Badges D. All of the above A B C D Section 2

Social Networks A social network is the web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups. Section 2

Social Networks (cont.) A social network does not qualify as a group, but serves many purposes. Functions: A sense of belonging and purpose Help and advice Help finding a job Section 2

Do you think groups are formed via the Internet by people who have never met one another? A. Yes B. No C. Not sure A B C Section 2

Section 2-End

Five types of social interaction are basic to group life: cooperation, conflict, social exchange, coercion, and conformity. Section 3-Preview

cooperation conflict social exchange coercion conformity groupthink Section 3-Key Terms

Section 3-Polling Question How often do you interact with your neighbors? A. Often B. Occasionally C. Never A B C Section 3-Polling Question

Five Types of Group Social Interaction The five types of social interaction basic to group life: Cooperation Conflict Social exchange Coercion Conformity Section 3

Five Types of Group Social Interaction (cont.) Some encourage stability and some encourage change. Section 3

Which of the following social interactions is based upon reciprocity? A. Cooperation B. Conflict C. Social exchange A B C Section 3

Cooperation Cooperation is a form of interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some goal. Section 3

Which is an example of cooperation? A. Stealing a car B. Donating a kidney C. Riding a bus D. Staying at home with the family A B C D Section 3

Conflict Groups or individuals that work against one another for a larger share of the rewards are in conflict. Section 3

Conflict (cont.) The positive effects of conflict are that it: promotes cooperation and unity within the opposing groups. draws attention to social inequalities. changes norms, beliefs and values. Section 3

What is a benefit of conflict? A. It draws attention to inequities. B. It promotes cooperation and unity within opposing groups. C. Both A and B D. Neither A or B A B C D Section 3

Social Exchange Social exchange is a type of social interaction in which one person voluntarily does something for another person, expecting a reward in return. Reciprocity involves doing for others what they have done for you. Section 3

Social Exchange (cont.) Cooperation is different than social exchange because nothing is expected in return. Section 3

Which is considered a social exchange? A. Donating blood B. Volunteer work C. Doing homework with a friend D. All of the above A B C D Section 3

Coercion Coercion is social interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to give in to the will of other individuals or groups. This is the opposite of social exchange. Section 3

Do you think coercion has any positive aspects? A. Yes B. No C. Not sure A B C Section 3

Conformity Conformity is behavior that matches the group expectations. Solomon Asch’s line experiment demonstrates conformity. Cards for Asch’s Experiments Section 3

Conformity (cont.) Groupthink exists when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure. Illustrating Types of Social Interaction Section 3

Can you name a time when you conformed despite your true beliefs? A. Yes B. No A B Section 3

Section 3-End

A formal organization is created to achieve some goal A formal organization is created to achieve some goal. Most are bureaucratic, the existence of primary groups and primary relationships within formal organizations can either help or hinder the achievement of goals. Section 4-Preview

informal organization iron law of oligarchy bureaucracy power authority rationalization informal organization iron law of oligarchy Section 4-Key Terms

Section 4-Polling Question Which are formal organizations? A. High schools B. Government agencies C. Hospital D. All of the above A B C D Section 4-Polling Question

The Nature of Formal Organizations A formal organization is deliberately created to achieve one or more long-term goals. A bureaucracy is a formal organization based on rationality and efficiency. Section 4

A B C Do you agree that bureaucracies can be inefficient? A. Agree B. Disagree C. Not sure A B C Section 4

Major Characteristics of Bureaucracies A bureaucracy is a division of labor based on the principle of specialization. Public School District Organization Chart Section 4

Major Characteristics of Bureaucracies (cont.) A bureaucracy is a hierarchy of authority. Power refers to the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will. Authority is the exercise of legitimate power—power that derives from a recognized or approved source. Section 4

Major Characteristics of Bureaucracies (cont.) Bureaucracies are systems of rules and procedures. They include written records of work and activities. People in bureaucracies are promoted on the basis of merit and qualifications. Section 4

In a bureaucracy, the greatest amount of authority is concentrated in a few positions at the top. A. True B. False A B Section 4

Max Weber and Bureaucracy Rationalization—the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning rather than tradition and superstition—was on the rise as the industrial economy developed. Section 4

Max Weber and Bureaucracy (cont.) Weber believed that a bureaucracy could offer steadiness, precision, continuity, speed, efficiency, and minimum cost since the industrial economy was moving so quickly. Bureaucracy is designed to protect individuals despite its negative reputation. Membership in Labor Unions Section 4

A B C D According to Weber, what did bureaucracy offer? A. Weakness B. Chaos C. Nothing D. Efficiency A B C D Section 4

Informal Structure Within Organizations Bureaucracies are designed to act as secondary groups, but primary relationships still emerge as part of the informal organization. Human Development Section 4

Informal Structure Within Organizations (cont.) An informal organization is comprised of groups within a formal organization. In informal organizations, personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization. Informal groups exist to meet needs ignored by the formal organization. Section 4

A B C D Informal groups serve the following purposes EXCEPT A. Protection B. Personal affection C. Humor D. Teaching authority A B C D Section 4

Iron Law of Oligarchy According to the iron law of oligarchy, power increasingly tends to become more and more concentrated in the hands of fewer members of any organization. Those in power want to remain in power. Section 4

Iron Law of Oligarchy (cont.) Three organizational factors encourage oligarchy: Organizations need a hierarchy of authority to delegate decision making. The advantages held by those at the top allow them to consolidate their powers. Other members of the organization tend to defer to leaders. Section 4

A B C D Do you agree with Robert Michels about this Law of Oligarchy? A. Strongly agree B. Somewhat agree C. Somewhat disagree D. Strongly disagree A B C D Section 4

Section 4-End

Cards for Asch’s Experiments Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Public School District Organization Chart Figure 6.3

Membership in Labor Unions Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005. Snapshot

Human Development World View Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2004. World View

Sociology Chapter Transparencies Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Classic Groupthink Scenario by Janis Transparency Menu

Transparency 1

Transparency 2

group at least two people who have one or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving Vocab 1

social category people who share a social characteristic Vocab 2

social aggregate people temporarily in the same place at the same time Vocab 3

primary group people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another’s company Vocab 4

primary relationships interactions that are intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling Vocab 5

secondary group people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task Vocab 6

secondary relationships impersonal interactions involving limited parts of personalities Vocab 7

reference groups group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms Vocab 8

in-group exclusive group demanding intense loyalty Vocab 9

out-group group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition Vocab 10

social network a web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups Vocab 11

cooperation interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal Vocab 12

conflict interaction aimed at defeating and opponent Vocab 13

social exchange a voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return Vocab 14

coercion interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a particular way Vocab 15

conformity behavior that matches group expectations Vocab 16

groupthink self-deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure to conform Vocab 17

formal organization a group deliberately created to achieve one or more long-term goals Vocab 18

bureaucracy a formal organization based on rationality and efficiency Vocab 19

power the ability to control the behavior of others Vocab 20

authority the legitimate or socially approved use of power Vocab 21

rationalization the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning Vocab 22

informal organization groups within a formal organization in which personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization Vocab 23

iron law of oligarchy theory that power increasingly becomes concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organization Vocab 24

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