Bell Work What are the similarities and differences of Spanish and English colonization in the New World? This Day in History: August 22, 1776- General William Howe’s large army arrives at Long Island hoping to capture New York City and gain control of the Hudson River, a victory that would divide the rebellious colonies in half. August 22, 1862- President Abraham Lincoln writes a carefully worded letter in response to an abolitionist editorial by Horace Greeley, the editor of the influential New York Tribune, and hints at a change in his policy concerning slavery. August 22, 1864- The Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field is adopted by 12 nations meeting in Geneva. The agreement, advocated by Swiss humanitarian Jean-Henri Dunant, called for nonpartisan care to the sick and wounded in times of war and provided for the neutrality of medical personnel. It also proposed the use of an international emblem to mark medical personnel and supplies. In honor of Dunant’s nationality, a red cross on a white background–the Swiss flag in reverse–was chosen. In 1881, American humanitarians Clara Barton and Adolphus Solomons founded the American National Red Cross, an organization designed to provide humanitarian aid to victims of wars and natural disasters in congruence with the International Red Cross. August 22, 1992- In the second day of a standoff at Randy Weaver’s remote northern Idaho cabin, FBI sharpshooter Lon Horiuchi wounds Randy Weaver, Kevin Harrison, and kills Weaver’s wife, Vicki.

Similarities of Spanish and English Colonization To acquire wealth To increase power, pride, prestige of their respective crowns To promote religion; English Protestantism-Spanish Catholicism To find access to Asia

Differences of Spanish and English Colonization More intent on spreading Catholicism More interest in glory for the crown More openly interested in achieving individual fame; conquistadores More interested in establishing and protecting trade networks and routes Colonization more directed by central government English: Pursued a wider range of goals, including religious settlement and economic gain (extractive industries and farming/fishing/forests/fur) More willing to allow bases for privateers More motivated by imperial competition with Spain and other nations More likely to be fleeing from political and religious conflicts

Differences in Development England more likely to allow private individuals and joint stock companies to colonize in the name of England. Spanish developed extractive industries in precious metals, whereas English were more likely to establish economies based on trade. More royal control over Spanish colonies than English because English were settled to escape political and religious persecution. Many English colonists tended to establish more permanent settlements than did conquistadores. However, the Spanish eventually established permanent settlements. Because Spaniards were more concerned with conversion, they eventually integrated indigenous peoples into their culture, albeit not equally. English were more concerned with excluding indigenous peoples from colonial society so they were more likely to dislocate them from their lands. English were more willing to embrace diverse labor systems (indentured servants, enslaved Africans) The encomienda system developed as a Spanish labor system, which also reinforced efforts to instill Catholic religious practices in Native Americans.

I. England’s Imperial Stirrings In the 1530s Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, launching the English Protestant Reformation. In 1558 Henry’s daughter, the Protestant Elizabeth I, became queen and established Protestantism in England.

I. England’s Imperial Stirrings (cont.) Catholic Ireland sought Catholic Spain’s help to throw off the new Protestant English queen. Spanish aid amounted to little, and in the 1570s–1580s Elizabeth’s troops crushed the Irish uprising. English soldiers developed a sneering contempt for the “savage” natives, an attitude they took to the New World.

II. Elizabeth Energizes England In 1577 English semi piratical “sea dogs” under Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh landed on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island. Virginia was named in honor of Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen.”

II. Elizabeth Energizes England (cont.) In 1588 England defeated the Spanish Armada, marking the end of Spain’s imperial dreams. After victory, the English started to become masters of the world oceans—with important consequences for the American people.

Table 2.1 p26

Elizabeth I (1533–1603), by George Gower, ca. 1588 In this “Armada Portrait” of Queen Elizabeth I, the artist proclaims her the Empress of the World. She was accused of being vain, fickle, prejudiced, and miserly, but Elizabeth proved to be an unusually successful ruler. She never married (hence, the “Virgin Queen”), although many romances were rumored and royal matches schemed. p26

III. England on the Eve of Empire Laws of primogeniture meant that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. By the early 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected.

IV. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling 1603: James I became king of England. 1606: Virginia Company of London received a charter to settle in the New World. This charter is significant; guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen. On May 24, 1607, the Virginia colony of Jamestown was founded (see Map 2.1). John Smith was key to the colony’s survival.

Map 2.1 Early Maryland and Virginia Map 2.1 p29

V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake In 1607 Chieftain Powhatan dominated the James River area. In 1610 the Virginia Company declared war on the Powhatans. In 1614 the First Anglo-Powhatan War ended, sealed by Pocahontas’s marriage to colonist John Rolfe—the first known interracial union in Virginia.

Pocahontas (ca. 1595–1617) Taken to England by her husband, she was received as a princess. She died when preparing to return, but her infant son ultimately reached Virginia, where hundreds of his descendants have lived, including the second Mrs. Woodrow Wilson. p29

V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake (cont.) Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) was Indians’ last attempt to dislodge Virginians. The Powhatans’ misfortune was the three Ds: disease, disorganization, and disposability. “Powhatan’s Confederacy” lacked unity to oppose the disciplined whites.

VI. The Indians’ New World Indigenous people’s destinies had changed. The shock of large-scale European colonization disrupted Native American life. Horses, diseases, trade, and the expanding Atlantic economy transformed Indian life.

VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco In 1612 John Rolfe perfected tobacco culture. Virginia’s prosperity was built on this “bewitching weed,” but King Nicotine depleted the soil. Besides land, tobacco required lots of labor. In 1619 a Dutch warship landed at Jamestown and sold some twenty Africans, planting the seeds of North American slavery.

Advertisement for a Voyage to America, 1609 p32

VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco (cont.) In 1619 representative self-government was born in primitive Virginia. The House of Burgesses was an assembly or miniature parliament in the New World. In 1624 James 1 revoked the company’s charter and Virginia became a royal colony.

VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven 1634: Maryland, 2nd plantation colony, was founded by Lord Baltimore partly as a refuge for Catholics. Resentment between Catholics and Protestants flared into open rebellion. As in Virginia, indentured servants initially provided labor for the tobacco economy.

VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven (cont.) Lord Baltimore permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset. In 1649 the local assembly passed the famed Act of Toleration guaranteeing toleration to all Christians. However, it decreed the death penalty for Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus.

IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America England secured claims to several West Indian islands, including Jamaica in 1655. Their economy was based on sugar. Black slaves eventually outnumbered white settlers.

(above) Sugar Mill in Brazil, by Frans Post, ca. 1640; (left) Saccharum Officinarum (sugar cane) p34

(above) Sugar Mill in Brazil, by Frans Post, ca. 1640; (left) Saccharum Officinarum (sugar cane) p34

IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America (cont.) 1661: Barbados slave code defined slaves’ legal status and their masters’ prerogatives. 1670: Displaced settlers from Barbados arrived in Carolina with their slaves. 1696: Carolina adopted the Barbados slave code, which eventually shaped slave laws throughout the mainland.

X. Colonizing the Carolinas In 1670 Carolina was created, and it formed close links with the English West Indies. Rice emerged as its principal export crop. Charles Town was busiest seaport in South; Carolina survived Spanish and Indian attacks.

XI. The Emergence of North Carolina North Carolina has been called “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.” “Squatters” (newcomers without legal rights to the soil) raised crops on small farms. In 1712 North Carolina officially separated from South Carolina (see Map 2.2).

Map 2.2 Early Carolina and Georgia Settlements Map 2.2 p36

XI. The Emergence of North Carolina (cont.) North Carolina shared with tiny Rhode Island several distinctions: Most democratic Most independent-minded Least aristocratic of original thirteen English colonies

XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony In 1733 Georgia was founded as a buffer to protect the Carolinas. It was named in honor of King George II of England. Launched by a group of philanthropists, it would also serve as a haven for debtors. Georgia was called “the Charity Colony.”

XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony (cont.) Georgia founders wanted no slavery. James Oglethorpe, a key founder, helped ensure the colony’s survival. Savannah, like Charleston, became a melting-pot community. Georgia grew more slowly than other colonies.

XIII. The Plantation Colonies England’s southern mainland colonies shared: Devotion to exporting agricultural products, mainly tobacco and rice Slavery Slow growth of cities Religious toleration A tendency to expand

Table 2.2 p35

Map 2.3 Iroquois Lands and European Trade Centers, ca. 1590–1650 Map 2.3 p38

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The Iroquois Confederacy Read pages 38-39 What role did the Iroquois play in the politics and warfare of British North America? Was the decision of most Iroquois to side with the British in the Revolutionary War the most decisive moment in their history? Why or why not? What caused the Iroquois to side with one group of colonists over another, and what were the short-term and long-term effects of their decision?