Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C How can we relate physiology and biomechanical topics to these sections? 1. Nutrition Glycogen Loading ( to optimise chances for carbohydrate to be utilised as a primary energy source in long duration activities) Pre-performance routines for carbohydrate loading (see attached guidelines rugby IQ info) Hydration Electrolytes (improve decision making by increasing concentration via hydration) These are useful for neural-muscular activity for generating action potentials (NA+ and K+ ions). Hence if the action potentials are slower then so are the muscular contractions. General guidelines 400-600 ml of fluid 2-3 hrs prior 150-350ml of fluid 15 min before exercise During use isotonic drinks to maintain same amount of ions in blood stream (4-8%) Rehydrate at 500-1000ml/hr After – Replace 150% of weight lost replace within 2hrs

Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C 2. Levers Planes of motion (usually referencing these will add further credibility when analysing movements) Sagittal plane with transverse axis (Splits body into left and right halves forwards and backwards movements) This is for flexion and extension at knee for kicking and dorsiflexion or plantarflexion when sprinting. Frontal plane and frontal axis (splits body into front and back halves, and describes side to side movements) Generally adduction and abduction movements such as raising limbs to the side which occur at the hip and the shoulder. c) Transverse plane around a longitudinal axis (splits body into top and bottom halves). Rotation movements such as pronation and supination (Wrist) or horizontal flexion and extension (Shoulder).

Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C Reference these to add credibility to write up Main Joint Actions Flexion Extension and hyperextension (Shoulder past 180 degrees) Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Pronation Supination Bones Major Humerus Radius (Top) Ulna (Bottom) Clavicle Scapula Metacarpals (carpals and phalanges) Sternum Femur Patella Tibula (Top Shin bone) Fibula

Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C Reference these to add credibility to write up Muscles Pectorals major Lattismus dorsi Deltoids Tibialis anterior/posterior Vastus Lateralis/medialias/intermedialis Rectus Femoris Bicep Femoris Gastrocnemius Biceps Triceps

Physiology and Biomechanics Sections B and C Levers Fulcrum 1 Resistance 2 Effort 3 Where the letter is in the middle for each type of lever 1st Class Levers Examples Press ups/ Heading in football (Neck moving forwards/backwards) Handing off in rugby 2nd Class Levers Bones in foot act as lever. Joint at the ball of foot acting as a fulcrum Gastrocnemius providing effort Weight of body providing resistance Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion in running/kicking jumping and performing squats 3Rd Class Levers Moment = Force x distance Knee Joint Running/ jumping/ kicking Use of Quadriceps and hamstrings