CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Filesystems CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Topics Filesystems and Namespaces Filesystem Types Inodes and Superblocks Network Filesystems NFS Automounter Security CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Filesystems A filesystem is a method for storing and organizing documents. Most filesystems offer a hierarchical tree structure of folders within folders. Some filesystems are flat, with no folders. Some filesystems work like a database, where files are identified by metadata, such as creator or user-created tags. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Kernel Storage Layers http://www.solarisinternals.com/si/reading/sunworldonline/swol-07-1999/swol-07-filesystem3.html CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Filesystem Tree Structure / bin boot tmp usr var bin lib X11R6 ls grub less vmlinuz bin lib zip menu.lst xclock xterm CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration UNIX has One Namespace A single tree-structured namespace which Provides a single way to identify files by name Contains multiple filesystems: /dev – files represent hardware devices /media/cdrom – ISO9660 optical media filesystem /proc – in-memory representation of kernel data that are added to the namespace with the mount command: mount /dev/devname /fs/location CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Namespace contains many fs http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/tpl/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?coll=0650&db=bks&fname=/SGI_Admin/IA_DiskFiles/ch05.html CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Filesystem Types by Media Disk Filesystems Filesystems designed to store files to a fixed or removable permanent storage device. examples: ext4fs, FAT, ISO9660, NTFS Solid State Filesystems Wear leveling: re-arrange block usage to avoid writing too many times to any one block on flash. In-Memory Filesystems Filesystems that represent kernel data structures, e.g. procfs, devfs. Network Filesystems Filesystems where file access operations are performed using network operations to contact a server where the data is stored on a disk or other physical medium. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Common Disk-based Filesystems Extended Filesystems ext2: first full featured UNIX fs for Linux in 1993 Recommended use: USB + other solid state drives. ext3: + journaling; 2TB max file size; 16TB max vol ext4: faster version of ext3 with larger max file + vol size Microsoft Filesystems FAT: inefficient disk usage, slow, 8+3 filenames 4GB maximum file size in 32-bit FAT NTFS: modern filesystem, many versions Supports long + old 8+3 filenames for compatibility CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Ext Filesystem Structure http://thinkdifferent.typepad.com/edulog/computer_forensics_i/ CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Superblocks and Block Groups CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Inode Block Addressing CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Journaling Filesystems Problem: writing to file involves many disk writes Modify inode to change file size (potentially) Add new data block to used block map (potentially) Add pointer to new data block Write to new data block Journaling filesystems perform writes by: Write blocks to journal. Wait for write to be committed to journal. Write blocks to filesystem. Discard blocks from journal. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Creating a Filesystem Select a disk partition to create filesystem on fdisk –l /dev/sda will list partitions on 1st disk fdisk –l /dev/sdb will list partitions on 2nd disk, Run mke2fs –v /dev/sda2 Creates ext2 filesystem on 2nd partition of 1st disk Wipes any data already existing on that filesystem Add a –j option to create an ext3 journaling fs. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Mounting a Filesystem Create a mountpoint mkdir -p /stor/video Mount filesystem on chosen directory mount -t ext3 /dev/sda2 /stor/video Use filesystem Unmount filesystem when done umount /dev/sda2 Happens automatically at reboot or shutdown CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Automatic Mounting Filesystems in /etc/fstab are mounted on boot. Use mount to see current mounted filesystems. # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # <device> <mnt pt> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 0 1 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sda3 /home ext3 defaults 0 1 /dev/sdb1 /backup ext3 defaults 0 0 CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

Checking Filesystem Integrity fsck utility performs consistency checks Are used blocks actually used? Do inodes point to any unused blocks? Are used inodes pointed to by directory entries? and repairs inconsistencies if Sysadmin enters ‘y’ in interactive mode. Sysadmin uses ‘-y’ argument to do all repairs. Run fsck with unmounted partition as arg: fsck –y /dev/sda2 http://lwn.net/Articles/248180/ CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Access Control Read--You can read the file with cat, more, etc. Write--You can modify the file with vi, Execute--You can run the file if it’s a program. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration POSIX ACLs Specify individual groups and users. Basic ACL user/group refers to owner. POSIX ACLs allow specifying users + groups. To add/modify permissions for a user: setfacl –m u:username:rw- filename To add/modify permissions for a group: setfacl –m g:groupname:rw- filename CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration File Attributes Attributes extend file permissions: a: append-only (only root can set) i: immutable (read-only, only root can set) s: safe-delete (overwrite, not supported yet) Use lsattr to view attributes. Most files do not have any attributes set. Use chattr to set attributes. chattr +i /boot/vmlinuz* CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Network Filesystems Use filesystem to transparently share files. Examples: NFSv3 CIFS AFS NFSv4 CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration NFS v3 Network File System Transparent, behaves like a regular UNIX filesystem. Uses UNIX UIDs,GIDs,perms but can work on Win. Since NFS is stateless, file locking and recovery are handled by rpc.lockd and rpc.statd daemons. Security Server only lets certain IP addresses mount filesystems. Client UIDs have same permissions on server as client. Client root UID is mapped to nobody, but Root can su to any client UID to access any file. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration How NFS Works http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~kohler/class/05f-osp/notes/lec18.html CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration CIFS Microsoft Network Filesystem Derived from 1980s IBM SMB net filesystem. Originally ran over NetBIOS, not TCP/IP. \\svr\share\path Universal Naming Convention Auth: NTLM (insecure), NTLMv2, Kerberos Implementation MS Windows-centric (filenames, ACLs, EOLs) Samba: UNIX client and server software. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration AFS Distributed filesystem Global namespace: /afs/abc.com/vol_home1 Servers provide one or more volumes. Volume replication with RO copies on other svrs. Cells are administrative domains within AFS. Cells contain multiple servers. Each server provides multiple volumes. Security Kerberos authentication ACLs with user-controlled groups http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7521 CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration NFSv4 New model of NFS Only one protocol (no separate mount,lock,etc.) Global namespace. Security (ACLs, Kerberos, encryption) Cross platform + internationalized. Better caching via delegation of files to clients. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Using NFSv3 Client Start portmap … Mount filesystems. Server Start portmap Start NFS services. Configure exports. Export filesystems. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration NFSv3 Services portmap — RPC service for Linux portmap nfs — NFS file server processes. rpc.mountd rpc.rquotad nfsd nfslock — Optional file locking service. rpc.statd CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration NFSv3 Processes rpc.mountd — Handles client mount requests. rpc.nfsd — NFS server processes. rpc.lockd — Process for optional nfslock service. rpc.statd — Handles server crashes for nfslock. rpc.rquotad — Quotas for remote users. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration rpcinfo > rpcinfo -p program vers proto port 100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper 100000 2 udp 111 portmapper 100021 1 udp 32774 nlockmgr 100021 1 tcp 34437 nlockmgr 100011 1 udp 819 rquotad 100011 2 udp 819 rquotad 100011 1 tcp 822 rquotad 100011 2 tcp 822 rquotad 100003 2 udp 2049 nfs 100003 3 udp 2049 nfs 100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs 100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs 100005 2 udp 836 mountd 100005 2 tcp 839 mountd 100005 3 udp 836 mountd 100005 3 tcp 839 mountd CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration NFSv4 Processes nfsd — NFSv4 server processes. Handles mounts. rpc.idmapd — Maps NFSv4 names (user@domain) and local UIDs and GIDs. Uses /etc/idmapd.conf. rpc.svcgssd — Server transport Kerberos auth. rpc.gssd — Client transport Kerberos auth. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

NFSv3 Server Configuration Configure /etc/exports List filesystems to be exported. Specify export options (ro, rw, etc.) Specify hosts/networks to export to. Export filesystems. exportfs Start NFS server (if not already started) service portmap start service nfs start CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration /etc/exports Format: directory hosts(options) Options ro, rw Read-only, read-write. async Server replies before write. sync Save before reply (default) all_squash Map all users to anon UID/GID. root_squash Map root to anon UID (default) no_root_squash Don’t map root (insecure.) anon{uid,gid} Set anonymous UID, GID. Examples: /home *.example.com(rw,sync) /backups 192.168.1.0/24(ro,all_squash) /ex/limited foo.example.com CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Client Configuration Manual mounting mount -t <nfs-type> -o <options> server:/remote/export /local/directory Mounting via /etc/fstab server:/remote/export /local/directory <nfs-type> <options> 0 0 NFS Type is either nfs or nfs4. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Mount Options hard or soft — Error handling hard: NFS requests will uninterruptible wait until server back. soft: NFS requests will timeout and report failure. intr — NFS requests can be interrupted if server unreachable. nfsvers=2,3— NFS protocol version (not 4) noexec — Prevents execution of binaries. nosuid — Disables setuid for security. rsize,wsize=# — NFS data block size (default 8192) sec=mode — NFS security type. sys uses local UIDs and GIDs. krb5 uses Kerberos5 authentication. krb5i uses Kerberos5 authentication + integrity checking krb5p uses Kerberos5 auth + integrity checking + encryption. tcp, udp — Specifies protocol to use for mount. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Automounter Manages NFS mounts Automounter maps vs /etc/fstab. Mounts filesystems only when needed: Makes administering many filesystems easier. Improves startup speed. Provides uniform namespaces. Ex: mounts /home/home7 as /home on login. /etc/auto.master points to maps /home /etc/auto.home Maps describe mounts * -fstype=nfs4,soft,intr,nosuid server:/home CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Security Limit which hosts have access to filesystems. Specify hosts in /etc/exports. Use iptables to limit which hosts can use NFS. Limit mount options Default to ro unless writes are necessary. Disable suid and execution unless needed. Map root to nobody. Block NFS at network firewalls. Block all protocols, not just port 2049. Use NFSv4 with Kerberos auth + encryption. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration Performance Measuring performance nfsstat /proc/net/rpc/nfsd Optimizations Increase the block size. Problem: fragments? Set the async option on mounts. Faster network card. Faster disk array. NVRAM cache on array to save NFS writes. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration

CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration References Michael D. Bauer, Linux Server Security, 2nd edition, O’Reilly, 2005. Mike Eisler, Ricardo Labiaga, Hal Stern, Managing NFS and NIS, 2nd edition, O’Reilly, 2001. Aeleen Frisch, Essential System Administration, 3rd edition, O’Reilly, 2002. Evi Nemeth et al, UNIX System Administration Handbook, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2001. NFS HOWTO, http://nfs.sourceforge.net/nfs-howto RedHat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 System Administration Guide, http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-4-Manual/sysadmin-guide/, 2005. RedHat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 Reference Guide, http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-4-Manual/ref-guide/ch-nfs.html, 2005. CIT 470: Advanced Network and System Administration