Figure S1: Observed May SST difference (ºC) between 9 coldest years and the 9 warmest years based on SST Anomalies. The dotted areas denote the statistical.

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Presentation transcript:

Figure S1: Observed May SST difference (ºC) between 9 coldest years and the 9 warmest years based on SST Anomalies. The dotted areas denote the statistical significance at the α=0.01 level of t-test values.

CAMS Surface Temperature WRF-NMM surface Temperature Figure S2. Mean surface temperature (ºC) and precipitation (mm day-1) for June 2011 from CAMs and GTS observations and WRF-NMM simulation. CAMS Surface Temperature WRF-NMM surface Temperature GTS Precipitation WRF-NMM Precipitation

Figure S3. Observed/WRF simulated anomaly/difference of precipitation (mm/day) for July. (a) Observed; (b) SUBT effect; (c) SST Effect; (d) SST effect plus SUBT effect. The dotted areas denote statistical significance at the α=0.01 level of t-test values. a. b. c. d.

Figure S4. Simulated 16-31 May geopotential height (GPM) difference at 500 hPa between Case 2011 and Case SUBT.

Figure S5. Perturbation pathway: temporal-zonal cross section of vorticity anomaly (106 s-1) at 500 hPa averaged over 35N and 50N.

Figure S6. Observed/WRF simulated anomaly/difference of surface temperature (ºC) for May. (a) Observed; (b) SUBT effect; (c) SST Effect. The dotted areas denote statistical significance at the α=0.01 level of t-test values. a. b. c.

Table S1. Observed differences between year 2011 and the benchmarks, and GCM-simulated differences for different scenarios