Dr. R. Arief Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum. Word Formation Meeting 4-5 ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY Dr. R. Arief Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum.

Presentation Outline Root vs. Non-root Open-closed classes Affixations Inflectional-Derivational Morphemes

Affix: a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes, such as a root/stem/base Prefix: an affix attached before a root/stem/base Ex: re-make, in-decent, un-tidy Suffix: an affix attached after a root (or stem or base) Ex: kind-ly, wait-er, book-s Infix: an affix inserted into the root itself Ex: very rare in English, colloquial/slang

Open class: parts of speech (word classes) that readily accept new members. It consists of nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives, adverbs Closed class: no new word. It can’t accept new members. It consists of prepositions, determiners, conjunctions

Faiths, faithfully, unfaithful, faithfulness Frogmarched Bookstores Window-cleaners Hardships Inflectional? Derivational? Roots? Stems? Bases? Inflectional Derivational Roots Stems Bases -ed un- Faith -s -ful Frog Frogmarch Faithful -ly March Bookstore -er Clean Windowcleaner -ness Hard Hardship Window-clean -ship Window Window-cleaner Book Store

Adds only grammatical information. Never changes the part of speech Are used to make (or derive) new words. In particular, it is used to change a word from one grammatical class to another Try these Inflectional in: Noun? Verb? Adjective? Noun forming suffix? Adjective forming suffix? Verb forming suffix Noun: -s plural; Verb: -ed past tense, -s 3rd person present tense, -ing present participle; Adjective: -er comparative, -est superlative Noun forming: speaker, economics: Adjective forming: personal, active; Verb forming: victimize, vocalize

Child-children Tooh-teeth Man-men Conclusion Irregular inflection, replacive allomorph

Multiple affixations can take place in a number of rounds, with the output created by one round of affixation serving as the input to a later round Ex: root dict (‘speak’, ‘say’) as in dictate DictV ContradictV ContradictoryAdj ContradictorinessN Try: Nation

Compounding (at a glance) can contain at least two bases which are both words, or root morphemes Ex: Teapot, Weekend, Hairdresser, Kindhearted Concatenation analysis: [[tea]N [pot]N] → [teapot]N [[hair]N [dress]v [-er]N] → [hairdresser]N Try: Weekend, kindhearted

TATAP MATA SAYA, LET’S ROCK EXERCISE 3 STOP BEING ‘GALAU’, EH? LET’S ROCK THE EXERCISE 2

Exercise Now take a look at the printed exercise. Do it at home. This exercise also functions as Quiz 2. Submit this exercise-quiz tomorrow 13.00 PM.