EFFECTIVE GROUP DISCUSSION Theory and Practice Twelfth Edition C H A P T E R 4 The Small Group as a System © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Systems Perspective A system is a set of relationships among interdependent, interacting components and forces.

Chapter Content Systems Perspective Principles of a System Variables of a System A System and Its Environment Bona Fide Group Perspective Communicating Across Boundaries Characteristics of Effective Problem-Solving Groups

Principles of a System Interdependence Nonsummativity Equifinality and multifinality

Variables of a System Input Throughput Output

Model of a Small Group as a System

A System and Its Environment Groups are interdependent with their environments Open systems Closed systems Feedback is the environment’s response to a group’s output

Bona Fide Group Perspective Bona Fide = naturally occurring Consistent with systems theory Focus is on the embeddedness of smaller groups in larger systems Bona fide virtual groups Collaborating groups Putnam & Stohl – Ed 12

Bona Fide perspective focuses on group’s relationship to environment Boundaries of the group shift Multiple group memberships Members as representatives of other groups Members leave and new ones join Identity of members varies

Factors Affecting Group Boundaries Multiple group memberships Members serve as representatives of other groups Fluctuation in group membership Varying strength of identity with the group Continued

Factors Contributing to Interdependence Intergroup communication Need for the group to coordinate with other groups Group’s level of autonomy and jurisdiction Group’s relationship with other groups Continued

Communicating Across Boundaries Boundary spanner functions: Initiate transactions to import or export resources Respond to initiatives from outsiders Initiate temporary or permanent group membership Continued

Characteristics of Effective Problem-Solving Groups Input variables Throughput variables Output variables Environmental factors Continued

Input Variables Shared values and beliefs Smallest number of members adequate for task Understanding and acceptance of the group’s purpose Needed resources are available Understanding of the group’s relationship to other groups Sufficient time Adequate meeting place

Throughput Variables Dependable and reliable members Stable, understood, and accepted member roles Equal status among members Agreed upon norms and rules All-channel communication network Skilled and considerate members Efficient procedures

Output Variables Perception of group’s success Member satisfaction High level of cohesiveness Stable role & leadership structure A strengthened parent organization

Environmental Factors The environment should: Publicly recognize the group’s accomplishments as a group Supply adequate informational resources Supply adequate resources and expertise Provide a supportive atmosphere

While we’re discussing theories… Two basic types of theories: Descriptive (What happens?) Prescriptive (How can we make it better?)