States of Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Electricity, light and sound are NOT matter. Why not?

Solids

Solids particles can’t flow but they can vibrate have fixed shape and volume cannot be compressed

Liquids

Liquids particles can move and flow take the shape of their container have a fixed volume difficult to compress into a smaller space (shock absorbers in cars contain liquids compressed in tubes)

Gases

Gases particles behave randomly and are full of energy will expand to fill up all available space NO set volume or shape can be invisible

Gases Gases can be compressed to fit in a smaller space!

States of Matter Volume and Shape

Plasmas 99% of all of the matter in the universe is made of plasma!

Plasmas created at a very high temperature made of of freely moving charged particles called ions ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons

Plasmas created by lightning found in neon lights, televisions, fluorescent bulbs

Solid → Liquid → Gas → Plasma

What would happen if you cooled atoms to the coldest possible temperature? What is the coldest possible temperature?

(notice that there is no degree symbol with K) What is the coldest possible temperature? Absolute Zero 0 Kelvin = -273 ºC = -460 ºF Outer Space = 2 - 3 K (notice that there is no degree symbol with K)

Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein Bose developed the idea of the condensate and predicted its existence; however, no one would listen to him. He wrote to Einstein who liked Bose’s ideas. Scientists listened to Einstein so the idea of a possible new state of matter was accepted as a mathematical probability, although the technology of the day would not allow them to create it.

In the quest to cool substances to create a new state of matter, the Superconductor was discovered. These only exist in the lab. - no electrical resistance - no magnetic field can carry an electric current forever with no loss of power (think of the possibilities!) photo shows a magnet “floating” on a superconductor

In the quest to cool substances to create a new state of matter, the Superfluid was discovered. These only exist in the lab. have no friction photo shows liquid helium in a superfluid phase flowing UP and OUT of the container and dripping from the bottom

Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman created a method of supercooling and made a BEC in 1995 at the University of Colorado. They won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001.

How cold? Bose Einstein Condensate exists at 170 billionth of 1 Kelvin. At this temperature, atoms clump together to form a “super atom” or an “atom blob.” Atoms within a BEC behave more as a unified entity than as discrete individuals.

Fermionic Condensate Created in 2004 by Deborah Jin

Superfluid fountain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCJ24176enM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKOlfR5OcB4

More States of Matter? Degenerate matter – created under conditions of extreme pressure Supersolids – solid with superfluid properties String-net liquids – solids with atoms that have electrons that spin in the wrong direction Superglass – superfluid and amorphous solid