Copy–move forgery detection through stationary wavelets and local binary pattern variance for forensic analysis in digital images Toqeer Mahmood, Aun.

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Copy–move forgery detection through stationary wavelets and local binary pattern variance for forensic analysis in digital images Toqeer Mahmood, Aun Irtaza, Zahid Mehmood, Muhammad Tariq Mahmood Forensic Science International Volume 279, Pages 8-21 (October 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 A visual example of CMF and image splicing [7]. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The model of the proposed technique. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Decomposition of a 2D image through SWT. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Circular block extraction. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 An illustration of the need for shift-invariant descriptors. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Difference between square and circular block [39]. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Example copy-move forged images from the selected datasets. The top row contains original images and bottom row contains forged images. First, two images (top and bottom rows) are from CoMoFoD dataset and last two images (top and bottom rows) are from KLTCI dataset. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 CMFD in the presence of translation operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Detection results of flipping. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Detection results using images distorted by blurring with (7×7) average filtering. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Detection results of rotation operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 Detection results of scaling operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 13 Detection results using color reduction. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 14 Detection results against brightness change in the range [0.01, 0.8]. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 15 Average TDR and FDR rate with blurring (averaging filter) operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 16 Average TDR and FDR rate with rotation operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 17 Average TDR and FDR rate with color reduction operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 18 Average TDR and FDR rate with brightness change operation. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 19 Average TDR and FDR rate with different JPEG compression levels. Forensic Science International 2017 279, 8-21DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.037) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions