Basic concepts of Information technology By: Norah Alsufyan Basic concepts of Information technology Ch:4

Contents Computer definition Types Of Computer Data Representation By: Norah Alsufyan Contents Computer definition Types Of Computer Microcomputers Midrange computers Mainframes Supercomputers Data Representation

Contents Computer System Network Hardware Software Type of Networks By: Norah Alsufyan Contents Computer System Hardware Computer Hardware Components System unit CPU Memory Storage Input and output Software System software Application software How Software is Made The Graphical User Interface (GUI) Network Type of Networks The internet

By: Norah Alsufyan Computer definition

By: Norah Alsufyan What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that accepts information and instructions from a user, manipulates the information according to the instructions, displays the information in some way, and stores the information for retrieval later.

Types Of Computer Computers come in four sizes: Microcomputers By: Norah Alsufyan Types Of Computer Computers come in four sizes: Microcomputers Midrange computers Mainframes Supercomputers

By: Norah Alsufyan Types Of Computer Microcomputers: is a small, relatively inexpensive computer ,the most common of all, easily outsells all other types of computers annually for use in business and at home. Five types of Microcomputers: Desktop Computers Notebook Computers/Laptop Computers Tablet Handheld computer , such as : smartphone

By: Norah Alsufyan Types Of Computer Mainframes are a type of computer that generally are known for their large size, amount of storage and processing power. More powerful and larger than a microcomputer. Primarily used by large organizations for mission-critical applications requiring high volumes of data processing , such as census , consumer statistics and financial transaction processing. Midrange computers is a computer smaller than a mainframe, but larger than a microcomputer. A medium-sized computer Computers that are more powerful and capable than microcomputer computers but less powerful and capable than mainframe computers.

By: Norah Alsufyan Types Of Computer Supercomputers: The most powerful and largest computers Supercomputers were designed to solve problems consisting of long and difficult calculations. Example: NASA and Weather forecasting

By: Norah Alsufyan Data Representation Data representation refers to the internal method used to represent various types of data stored on a computer.

By: Norah Alsufyan Data Representation Data refers to the words, numbers, figures, sounds, and graphics that describe people, events, things, and ideas Binary digits (bits) value is either 0 or 1 A series of eight bits (8 bits) is called a byte Kilobyte (KB or K) = 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = approx. one million bytes Gigabyte (GB) = approx. one billion bytes Terabyte (TB) = approx. one trillion bytes ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Computer System A computer system consists of : hardware software By: Norah Alsufyan Computer System A computer system consists of : hardware software

By: Norah Alsufyan Computer System System: A set of components that interact to accomplish a purpose. A computer system consists of two major elements which are complement each others: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer Example : mouse , CPU, memory and monitor. Software refers to the intangible components of a computer system, particularly the programs, or lists of instructions, the computer needs to perform a specific task Example : Windows and Microsoft word.

By: Norah Alsufyan Hardware Physical components of a computer

Computer Hardware Components By: Norah Alsufyan Computer Hardware Components A typical computer is made up of: –  The motherboard is the main electronic component of the computer –  System Unit –  Keyboard –  Monitor –  Mouse –  Multimedia Devices Computer hardware designed to display, store, record or play multimedia content such as photos, music and videos. Types of multimedia devices include microphones, speakers, cameras and headphones.

System Unit The central component of the system By: Norah Alsufyan System Unit The central component of the system The Processor: corresponds to the CPU Memory: RAM and ROM Storage: Hard Disk or Removable Storage devices

By: Norah Alsufyan The Processor (CPU) A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program. CPU is your computers brain. The processor tells your computer what to do and when to do it. Does the calculations Speed is very important – measured in megahertz (MHz): the faster the processor the more calculations performed per second.

By: Norah Alsufyan Memory Memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. Measured in bytes  One byte = eight bits  Types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) : Volatile memory Cache memory(RAM cache or CPU cache) : - Volatile memory Virtual memory: Volatile memory Read-only memory(ROM) : nonvolatile memory

Types Of Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) By: Norah Alsufyan  Types Of Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Used by the Computer as the working area Holds the working program, the data being processed and the interim results Volatile - contents are erased if power is cut Can be accessed randomly: can get any piece of data directly. Faster than permanent storage Not to be confused with ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Types Of Memory Cache memory (CPU memory) By: Norah Alsufyan  Types Of Memory Cache memory (CPU memory) Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU. Volatile - contents are erased if power is cut Virtual memory Virtual memory meant the idea of using disk to extend RAM.

Types Of Memory Read-only memory(ROM) By: Norah Alsufyan  Types Of Memory Read-only memory(ROM) Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed / modified and can only be read since these instructions do not need to be changed very often. Read-only memory (ROM) contains the instructions for what needs to happen when a computer is powered on. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile.

By: Norah Alsufyan Storage Saved permanently- records and stores all programs and data / information Types of Storage media Hard Disk Optical storage device - CD – DVD – CD-R – CD-RW –DVD-RW – DVD-R – CD-ROM Flash memory Flash memory cards USB flash storage device

By: Norah Alsufyan Input and Output The data or instructions you type into the computer are called input The result of the computer processing your input is referred to as output Peripheral devices accomplish input and output functions

By: Norah Alsufyan Input Devices You use an input device, such as a keyboard or a mouse, to input data and issue commands – Keyboard – Pointing device :controls the pointer Mouse Trackball Touchpad Pointing stick – Touchscreen – Scanner

Output Devices Output devices show you the results of processing data By: Norah Alsufyan Output Devices Output devices show you the results of processing data Monitor LCD LED Printer Laser Inkjet Dot matrix

By: Norah Alsufyan Software Intangible components of a computer system

Software Generic name of all programs By: Norah Alsufyan Software Generic name of all programs Made up of code interpreted by the hardware Written in programming languages - Java, C and C++ Two kinds of Software: System Application

By: Norah Alsufyan System Software System software helps the computer carryout its basic operating tasks. Concerned with the computer itself: devices, file and storage management. Main piece of System software : Operating System (OS) Operating System (OS): the driving program of the computer – OS has Multitasking features –  communicates between all programs and the hardware –  manages data to ensure security and integrity –  Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Unix

Applications Software By: Norah Alsufyan Applications Software Application software enables you to perform specific computer tasks, such as document production, spreadsheet calculations, and database management Used for the things you want the computer to do Common Examples - Word, Excel, Internet Explorer

By: Norah Alsufyan How Software is Made Involves a cycle of research, analysis, development and testing Systems Analysts - study the business processes and designs the software Programmers - develops the software

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) By: Norah Alsufyan The Graphical User Interface (GUI) Represents all the program / computer resources as icons Workspace represented graphically More usable: led to wider use of computers

By: Norah Alsufyan Networks

By: Norah Alsufyan Networks A network connects one computer to other computers and peripheral devices, enabling you to share data and resources with others. Network interface card(NIC) is a circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network. 

Type of Networks local area network (LAN ) By: Norah Alsufyan Type of Networks local area network (LAN ) is a group of computers and network devices connected together using wired , usually within the same building A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a group of computers and network devices connected together wirelessly , usually within the same building LAN refers to a wired network while WLAN is used to refer to a wireless network. LAN is much faster compared to WLAN. LAN is more secure compared to WLAN.

Type of Networks Wide area network (WAN) Personal area network (PAN ) By: Norah Alsufyan Type of Networks Wide area network (WAN) refers to a network which covers a large geographical area A WAN connects several LAN The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN. Personal area network (PAN ) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such as computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital assistants. Example : Bluetooth

By: Norah Alsufyan The Internet The Internet is the largest network in the world, connecting millions of people. Internet usage Email World Wide Web Web page \ collection of web sites

Conclusion The Processor, Memory: and Storage are the system unit. By: Norah Alsufyan Conclusion There are different type of computers : Microcomputers , Midrange computers , Mainframe and Supercomputers. Supercomputers is the most powerful and largest computers. A series of eight bits (8 bits) is called a byte A computer system consists of hardware and software The Processor, Memory: and Storage are the system unit. A central processing unit (CPU) carries out the instructions of a computer program. There are four types of memory : RAM, ROM , cache and virtual memory.

By: Norah Alsufyan Conclusion RAM, ROM , cache and virtual memory are volatile memory , whereas ROM is nonvolatile memory There are four types of Storage media : Hard Disk, Optical storage device , Flash memory. The data or instructions you type into the computer are called input The result of the computer processing your input is referred to as output There are two kinds of Software: System and Application A network connects one computer to other computers and peripheral devices, There are four kinds of network: LAN , WLAN,WAN and PAN The Internet is the largest network in the world, connecting millions of people.

By: Norah Alsufyan Revision ….................. is the most powerful and largest computers Microcomputers Midrange computers Mainframes Supercomputers …............ is a small, relatively inexpensive computer ,the most common of all computers.

By: Norah Alsufyan Revision Desktop Computers is type of midrange computers (Ture – false) Smartphone is type of handheld computers (Ture – false) Tablet is type of Microcomputers computers (Ture – false) Laptop Computers is type of mainframes computers (Ture – false) …................ is a computer smaller than a mainframe, but larger than a microcomputer. …................. value is either 0 or 1 A series of eight bits (8 bits) is called a …............. A computer system consists of …....................... and .......................

By: Norah Alsufyan Revision ............................... A set of components that interact to accomplish a purpose. …............. refers to the physical components of a computer ….................. refers to the intangible components of a computer system ….................. lists of instructions, the computer needs to perform a specific task Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 bytes one million bytes one billion bytes one trillion bytes

Revision CPU is an example of software (Ture – false) By: Norah Alsufyan Revision CPU is an example of software (Ture – false) RAM carries out the instructions of a computer program (Ture – false) The central component of the system Memory , monitor and storage Storage , Memory and CPU Memory and CPU and mouse