Prokaryotic Cells

Plantae Fungi Animalia Kingdom Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera prokaryotic eukaryotic

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic Mostly unicellular A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms 11 phyla Lots of disagreements Whittaker = “leftovers”

Reproduction: binary fission splits into two asexually multiple fission producing more than two individuals sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains join & exchange genetic material) 

Kingdom Protista 3 informal groups Animal-like protists Fungus-like protists Plant-like (algal) protists Misleading: some change ~ 45,000 species

Animal-like Protists Amoeba Cilliates Flagellates 13,000 species

Animal-like Protists Classified by the way they move pseudopodia cilia flagella

Heterotrophs ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes Paramecium consume nutrients from other organisms. Their diet is bacteria, algae, yeast and other micro-organisms. It uses its cilia (strand or tail) and consumes the substance along with water from the mouth of the paramecium. The food enters the gullet or stomach and is stored there. After the gullet is full, the food breaks away and creates a vacuole along with the water. The vacuole moves through the cell, enzymes break down the substance from the inside by entering the vacuole. The nutrients are removed from the vacuole into the cell and the cell gets smaller until it gets released from the cell as waste. Paramecium are interesting cause they eat micro-organisms and even resort to cannibalism. The protist kingdom is very diverse so it is hard to put comparisons on one another without a base.

Animal-like protists Sarcomastigophora (amoebas, forams, radiolarian) Ciliophora (paramecium) Zoomastigophora (trypansoma) Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)

Note: glass projections

Paramecium

Animal-like Protists Phylum Zoomastigophora (“zooflagellates”) Move using flagella:1 to thousands of flagella Some parasites African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness – tsetse fly Chagas Disease – kissing bug Leishmaniasis – sand fly giardiasis Vaccines? change protein coat! Gave rise to animals? 1,500 species

African sleeping sickness Tsetse fly Trypansoma

The Kissing Bug Chagas disease Chagas disease is endemic in poor areas in Latin American countries, where an estimated 8 million to 11 million people are infected, according to the CDC. In recent years, immigrants infected with Chagas have come to the U.S., and in 2009, the CDC estimated at least 300,000 migrants carried the disease. It also is known to be carried by kissing bugs in the southern U.S., although the disease is rare here, with only seven cases of locally acquired infection identified. Estimates on the number of worldwide deaths from Chagas per year range from 15,000 to 50,000. But the numbers are declining because of prevention and treatment efforts, said CDC researcher Ellen Dotson. Kissing bugs transmit the disease as they drink blood from humans, typically at night, and spread the parasite through feces. After a brief period of relatively minor symptoms, including a sore at the bite and a fever, the disease usually goes dormant. It re-emerges years or decades later, with severe heart or gastrointestinal problems in about 20 percent to 40 percent of patients. There are treatments for acute infections, but once the disease causes major organ damage, it cannot be reversed. The disease is also transmitted by blood transfusions, organ transplants and in childbirth. Read more: http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/02/10/20100210kissing-bug-disease-arizona.html#ixzz1IrjcNjfw Chagas disease

Leishmaniasis Sand fly Leishmania Leishmaniasis includes two major diseases, cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis, caused by more than 20 different leishmanial species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, the most common form of the disease, causes skin ulcers. Visceral leishmaniasis causes a severe systemic disease that is usually fatal without treatment. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare but severe form affecting the nasal and oral mucosa. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of small insects called sand flies. Many leishmanial species infect animals as well as humans. The distribution is world-wide, but 90% of visceral leishmaniasis cases occur in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, Ethiopia and Brazil, while 90% of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. Leishmania

Malaria Mosquito & “victim” Africa = kills 1 million children per year Thousands of sporozoites injected Vaccine? (US support?) Anopheles Mosquito Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite A female Anopheles mosquito carrying malaria-causing parasites feeds on a human and injects the parasites in the form of sporozoites into the bloodstream. The sporozoites travel to the liver and invade liver cells. Over 5-16 days*, the sporozoites grow, divide, and produce tens of thousands of haploid forms, called merozoites, per liver cell. Some malaria parasite species remain dormant for extended periods in the liver, causing relapses weeks or months later. The merozoites exit the liver cells and re-enter the bloodstream, beginning a cycle of invasion of red blood cells, asexual replication, and release of newly formed merozoites from the red blood cells repeatedly over 1-3 days*. This multiplication can result in thousands of parasite-infected cells in the host bloodstream, leading to illness and complications of malaria that can last for months if not treated. Some of the merozoite-infected blood cells leave the cycle of asexual multiplication. Instead of replicating, the merozoites in these cells develop into sexual forms of the parasite, called male and female gametocytes, that circulate in the bloodstream.  When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes. In the mosquito gut, the infected human blood cells burst, releasing the gametocytes, which develop further into mature sex cells called gametes. Male and female gametes fuse to form diploid zygotes, which develop into actively moving ookinetes that burrow into the mosquito midgut wall and form oocysts.  Growth and division of each oocyst produces thousands of active haploid forms called sporozoites. After 8-15 days*, the oocyst bursts, releasing sporozoites into the body cavity of the mosquito, from which they travel to and invade the mosquito salivary glands. The cycle of human infection re-starts when the mosquito takes a blood meal, injecting the sporozoites from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream . Plasmodium sporozoite gameteocyte