Apartheid

Main racial groups in SA BLACKS – descendants of 9 major African tribes including Zulu, Tswana, Shangaan, Venda, Xhosa, North Sotho, Swazii and North and South Ndebele. Note: This group were also known as kaffirs (an insulting term) or Bantu.

Zulu

Xhosa

Shangaan

Tswana

Ndebele

Sotho

Main Racial Groups in SA 2. WHITES – Afrikaners descended from the Dutch settlers and those of British descent. 3. COLOURED – Mixed race, resulting from intermarriage betweens whites and blacks. 4. ASIANS – Mainly Indians with a few Chinese that have migrated recently

Advertising campaign for different coloured shirts in South Africa

Conflict with local black tribes. Background = In the 1650’s Cape Colony (now South Africa) was colonised by the Dutch. Conflict with local black tribes.

= Background In the 1790’s the British moved into the area. Conflict with the Dutch RESULTS: The Dutch move north and establish Orange Free State and Transvaal.

Boer War RESULT: A victory for Britain After gold and diamonds are discovered in Transvaal and Orange Free State the British go to war to take over these areas. This war is known as the Boer (local name for the Dutch) war.

Agreement From 1902 Britain controlled South Africa. The Boers (now called Afrikaners) took jobs in the cities and built up large farms. The one thing both the Dutch and British agreed on was that they needed to protect there dominate position over the blacks.

1948 Election Daniel Malan’s National Party was elected because many poor whites voted for them because they did not want blacks migrating to the cities and taking their jobs. RESULTS: A policy of Apartheid was introduced to protect the position of whites.

Apartheid is a policy of separate development. What is Apartheid? Apartheid is a policy of separate development.

Aims of Apartheid Whites and non-whites live apart The living standards of poor whites would be improved AIMS: Non-whites would not be able to vote Blacks would have separate homelands Non-whites would be kept in low-paid and unskilled jobs

Apartheid Laws Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act Group Areas Act Marriage between a white and a non-white became illegal. Group Areas Act Separate Areas were set aside for each race Population Registration Act Every person had to be classified as white, coloured or native

Apartheid Laws Natives Act Separate Amenities Act All blacks had to carry a passbook at all times. All coloured and Asians had to have ID cards. Separate Amenities Act Separate public facilities were to be provided for blacks, coloured and whites. Native Resettlement Act Blacks should be removed from certain areas

Apartheid passbook

Challenges to Apartheid Many anti-apartheid groups emerged both in and outside South Africa. These included the ANC – African national Congress which promoted black rule of South Africa. PAC – Pan Africanist Congress a group that broke away from the ANC.

Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was arrested and imprisoned on Robben Island in 1964. From behind bars he became the symbol of the resistance to apartheid. Free Nelson Mandela

Sharpeville Massacre PAN organised a nation wide demonstrations against passbooks. In the town of Sharpeville a protest was held on 21 March 1960. The police fired on the crowd and 69 people were killed and over 180 injured. The crowd was not armed and most of those shot were shot in the back while trying to run away.

Sharpeville Massacre

Soweto Riots Black students were forced to learn at school in Afrikaans. On June 16th 1976 a protest was organised against this. Police attempts to calm the crowd failed so they used tear gas and dogs. The students killed one of their dogs and upon seeing this the police fired on the crowd.

Rioting continued and 23 people were killed on the first day. By the time the riots were over 500 people were thought to be dead.

An end to Apartheid The apartheid system began to fall apart in the 1980s. This was due to: Two million unemployed blacks A shrinking white minority Continued black resistance An economy suffering from international sanctions

Election of De Klerk F.W. De Klerk was elected in 1989 and promised to seek a compromise between the majority and the minority. In 1990 De Klerk stopped the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison.

1994 Election In 1994 the first free multiracial elections were held. The ANC received the most votes and Nelson Mandela was elected President by the new Parliament. RESULT: Apartheid was over.