The Rise of Fascism 1919-1939

Post WWI Democratic gains: Challenges to democracy: attempts to keep out of war: “spirit of Locarno” Switzerland (1925) Kellogg-Briand Pact(1928)

Turkey Young Turks Kemal Ataturk Western reforms: Armenians

Economic Crisis 1929 stock market crash effects:

Great Britain National Government formed→coalition of 3 political parties to reduce impacts of depression Conservative, Liberal, Labour parties Labour Party est. 1900 as left wing Democratic Socialist Party with roots to trade unions (Tony Blair 1997 & Gordon Brown) today--low paid working class support policies and results:

France Socialist policies: Popular Front 1936 Eduourd Daladier

Spartacist Uprising January 5-12, 1919 strikes disillusionment with Weimar govt. George Grosz A deeply disillusioned man, he saw humanity as essentially bestial and the city of Berlin as a sink of depravity and deprivation, its streets crowded with unprincipled profiteers, prostitutes, war-crippled dregs and a variety of perverts. A communist, his feeling of social outrage stimulated him to produce the most biting drawings and paintings. -Trewin Copplestone

Fascism defined as (Websters) A political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation & race above individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictator, severe economic and social regulation and forced suppression of the opposition. a tendency toward or actual exercise of strong autocratic or dictatorial control (army and brutality)

Fascism extreme nationalism and militarism a charismatic leader use of violence especially of paramilitary shock troops imperialist expansionism mass propaganda censorship and control of media corporate economy anti-communism

anti-liberalism anti-feminism anti-parliamentarianism racism and anti-Semitism emphasis on machismo, on youth and on action synthesis of opposites such as revolution and reaction, nationalism and socialism

Italy Benito Mussolini Italia irredenta fascio de combattimento Blackshirts October 1922 March on Rome Il Duce syndicalism Corporate State beliefs/plans:

Weimar Republic origins October 1918 a sailor mutiny→ rebellion sailors, soldiers, and workers organized soviets→Germany→verge of a communist revolution a socialist group emerged and demanded the Kaiser abdicate November 9, 1918→ republic→until January 1919 passing many worker reforms

Weimar weaknesses pressure from both left and right-wing extremists political violence between left and right signed the Versailles Treaty under pressure over 20 political parties 1923 French occupy the Ruhr region after Weimar government suspended reparations strikes and passive resistance hyperinflation due to printing of extra money

Hitler 1889-1945 Austrian born Early life: National Socialist German Worker’s Party Brownshirts or storm troopers (SA) 1923 “beer hall putsch” Mein Kampf 1930 and 1932 elections 1933 Reichstag fire

Propaganda Propaganda made the Third Reich. Joseph Goebbels mass rally Leni Riefenstahl Triumph of the Will Hitler Youth and Faith and Beauty the Volk SS Schutzstaffel

Nazi State Enabling Act (totalitarian state) Third Reich Der Fuhrer Anti-semitism 1935 Nuremburg laws 1938 November 9 Kristallnacht

Goals Lebensraum rearmament autarky territorial expansion

Pacifism of the West Americans and British beliefs: Maginot Line 4 reasons why Hitler was not stopped: 1933: 1934: 1935:

Spanish Civil War 1931-1936 background to civil war: Francisco Franco’s Falange Fascist Party Pablo Picasso’s Guernica

1936 March-- reoccupies the Rhineland October-- “Rome to Berlin axis”

1938 March--Anschluss Sudetenland Munich Agreement--appeasement Neville Chamberlain “peace in our time”

Hitler’s henchmen Herman Goering Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Hess Joseph Goebbels Martin Bormann Albert Speer

1939 March--took all of Czechoslovakia Demands for Danzig August 23--Nazi-Soviet Pact September 1 invasion of Poland World War II blitzkrieg Finland resists USSR until March 1940- -”winter war”